📚 کیمیاگر

▫️جوان چوپان، ناامید از خانه‌ی آن پیرزن خارج شد و با خود عهد کرد که دیگر هرگز به خواب‌ها اهمیتی ندهد. همچنین به خاطر آورد که باید در طول روز به چند کار برسد؛ به دکان بقالی رفته و مقداری مواد غذایی خریداری کند. کتابش را با یک کتاب قطورتر مبادله کرده و بر روی نیمکتی در میدان اصلی شهر بنشیند تا نوشیدنی تازه‌ای را که خریداری کرده بود، امتحان کند. چرا که روز گرمی بود و او موفق می‌شد کمی بدن خود را خنک کند. گوسفندان در دروازه‌ی ورودی شهر و در اصطبل یکی از دوستان جدیدش بودند. او با مردم بسیاری در آن اطراف آشنا بود و به همین خاطر بود که مسافرت را بسیار دوست داشت.

▫️او همیشه دوستان جدیدی به دست می‌آورد و نیازی نداشت تا تمام وقتش را با زندگی مداوم با آن‌ها بگذراند. آنچه که در مورد صومعه اتفاق می‌افتاد معمولاً به این امر منتهی می‌شود که آنان به بخشی از زندگی ما تبدیل می‌شوند. در آن صورت، اگر خودمان را براساس آنچه که دیگران از ما می‌خواهند تغییر ندهیم، آنان ما را به باد انتقاد می‌گیرند. چراکه مردم فکر می‌کنند به درستی می‌دانند که دیگران چگونه باید زندگی کنند. حال آنکه، هر یک از آنان نمی‌دانند، خودشان چگونه باید زندگی کنند.

▫️همانند آن زن تعبیر کننده‌ی خواب‌ها که نمی‌دانست چگونه آن‌ها را به واقعیت تبدیل کند. از آنجا که، با کارگاه بازرگان سه روز فاصله داشت، تصمیم گرفت قبل از آنکه با گوسفندانش به سمت صحرا حرکت کند، منتظر بشود تا کمی آفتاب فروبنشیند.
#خلاصه

🔸Paulo Coelho de Souza (/ˈkwɛl.juː, kuˈɛl.juː, -joʊ/ KWEL-yoo, koo-EL-yoo, -⁠yoh, Portuguese: [ˈpawlu kuˈeʎu]; born 24 August 1947) is a Brazilian lyricist and novelist and a member of the Brazilian Academy of Letters since 2002. His novel The Alchemist became an international best-seller and he has published 30 more books since then.
#englishliterature #story

🔸 پائولو کوئیلو  نویسنده معاصر برزیلی است. رمان‌های او بین مردم عامه در کشورهای مختلف دنیا پرطرفدار است. او از سال ۲۰۰۷ سفیر صلح سازمان ملل در موضوع فقر و گفتگوی بین فرهنگی است. وی همچنین از مدافعین آزاد شدن مواد مخدر مانند ماری جوانا و کوکائین است.

#ادبیاتانگلیسی #ادبیات

هرگاه انسان باتمام وجود چیزی رابخواهد،
تمام جهان در جهت تحقق خواسته اش، او را یاری خواهند کرد.
یعنی رفیق میخوام بگم اگه چیزی به دلت افتاد جا نزن
ناامید نشو، مطمئن باش که ته ته ته قصه تو رسیدنه، پس تلاشتو بکن...!

📕 کیمیاگر
✍ پائولو کوئیلو

📚 Love's Labour's Lost is one of William Shakespeare's early comedies, believed to have been written in the mid-1590s for a performance at the Inns of Court before Queen Elizabeth I. It follows the King of Navarre and his three companions as they attempt to swear off the company of women for three years in order to focus on study and fasting. Their subsequent infatuation with the Princess of France and her ladies makes them forsworn (break their oath). In an untraditional ending for a comedy, the play closes with the death of the Princess's father, and all weddings are delayed for a year. The play draws on themes of masculine love and desire, reckoning and rationalisation, and reality versus fantasy.
#englishliterature #play

▫️ Summary;

✏️ Act I

💭In the French kingdom of Navarre, King Ferdinand and his three companions, Biron (or Berowne), Dumaine, and Longueville (or Longaville), see themselves as enthusiastic students of philosophy. Together, they resolve to forgo the company of women for three years to devote time to their studies. Additionally, this decree against women applies to the entire kingdom. When the local peasant Costard is caught pursuing his betrothed, Jacquenetta, he is arrested. The Spaniard Don Armado, the one in charge of punishing Costard, is also in love with Jacquenetta. He writes her a letter for Costard to deliver. 

✏️ Act II–III

💭Soon after the oath, the Princess of France and her three ladies in waiting, Rosaline, Katharine, and Maria, arrive on an embassy. Due to the new laws put in place through the King's pledge, the women are lodged a mile from the court. With the aid of the Princess's officer, they are granted audience with Navarre and his friends. They soon discover that they have all met before. Furthermore, the King falls in love with the Princess and each of his lords with one of her ladies. Biron writes a love letter to the lady Rosaline, giving it to Costard to deliver. However, Costard confuses the letters in his charge and gives Biron's letter to Jaquenetta, who resolves to tell the King.  

💭Meanwhile, the schoolmaster Holofernes, the parson, and Don Armado, plan to entertain the royals with a pageant (entitled the 'Nine Worthies').  It will feature Costard, Armado, and his pageboy, Mote. 
Love is familiar. Love is a devil. There is no evil angel but Love.

✏️ Act IV

💭The King and his friends watch each other in hiding as they separately declare their love for the Princess and her ladies. They soon find out about everyone's affections. After his letter is revealed, Biron persuades Navarre that love is a lawful part of their studies. The men decide to continue to entertain their guests. 

✏️ Act V

💭The men try to woo the women with gifts and visit them in disguise. But they still pretend to be indifferent to the ladies' charms. Finally, the women trick them (through the women's own disguises) into an admission of the truth of their love: King Ferdinand for the Princess, Biron for Rosaline, Dumaine for Katharine, Longueville for Maria.

💭The men and women come together happily to watch the pageant of the 'Nine Worthies'. During the performance, a messenger arrives to say that the King of France is dead. Because of this news, the Princess decides that she must return home. She declares a year-long period of absence between the men of Navarre and the women of France. If, at the end of that time, their promises hold true, then the ladies may return to accept them in marriage. The play ends as the ladies leave, and the pageant actors sing.

#summary #englishliterature

📝 Analysis;

✏️Title

▫️The title is normally given as Love's Labour's Lost. The use of apostrophes varies in early editions. In its first 1598 quarto publication it appears as Loues labors loſt. In the 1623 First Folio it is Loues Labour's Lost and in the 1631 quarto it is Loues Labours Lost. In the Third Folio it appears for the first time with the modern punctuation and spelling as Love's Labour's Lost.

▫️ Historian John Hale notes that the title could be read as "love's labour is lost" or "the lost labours of love" depending on punctuation. Hale suggests that this parallel nature of product and process was intended and is derived from existing Latin idioms. Hale suggests that the witty alliteration of the title is in keeping with the pedantic nature of the play. In 1935 Frances Yates asserted that the title derived from a line in John Florio's His firste Fruites (1578): "We neede not speak so much of loue, al books are ful of lou, with so many authours, that it were labour lost to speake of Loue", a source from which Shakespeare also took the untranslated Venetian proverb Venetia, Venetia/Chi non ti vede non ti pretia (LLL 4.2.92–93) ("Venice, Venice, Who does not see you cannot praise you").

✏️ Reputation

▫️Love's Labour's Lost abounds in sophisticated wordplay, puns, and literary allusions and is filled with clever pastiches of contemporary poetic forms. Critic and historian John Pendergast states that "perhaps more than any other Shakespearean play, it explores the power and limitations of language, and this blatant concern for language led many early critics to believe that it was the work of a playwright just learning his art." In The Western Canon (1994), Harold Bloom lauds the work as "astonishing" and refers to it as Shakespeare's "first absolute achievement". It is often assumed that the play was written for performance at the Inns of Court, whose students would have been most likely to appreciate its style. It has never been among Shakespeare's most popular plays, probably because its pedantic humour and linguistic density are extremely demanding of contemporary theatregoers. The satirical allusions of Navarre's court are likewise inaccessible, "having been principally directed to fashions of language that have long passed away, and [are] consequently little understood, rather than in any great deficiency of invention."

Themes;

✏️ Masculine desire

▫️Masculine desire structures the play and helps to shape its action. The men's sexual appetite manifests in their desire for fame and honour; the notion of women as dangerous to masculinity and intellect is established early on. The King and his Lords' desires for their idealized women are deferred, confused, and ridiculed throughout the play. As the play comes to a close, their desire is deferred yet again, resulting in an increased exaltation of the women.

▫️Critic Mark Breitenberg commented that the use of idealistic poetry, popularized by Petrarch, effectively becomes the textualized form of the male gaze. In describing and idealizing the ladies, the King and his Lords exercise a form of control over women they love. Don Armado also represents masculine desire through his relentless pursuit of Jacquenetta. The theme of desire is heightened by the concern of increasing female sexuality throughout the Renaissance period and the consequent threat of cuckoldry. Politics of love, marriage, and power are equally forceful in shaping the thread of masculine desire that drives the plot.

✏️ Reckoning and rationalization

▫️The term 'reckoning' is used in its multiple meanings throughout the Shakespeare canon. In Love's Labour's Lost in particular, it is often used to signify a moral judgement; most notably, the idea of a final reckoning as it relates to death. Though the play entwines fantasy and reality, the arrival of the messenger to announce the death of the Princess's father ultimately brings this notion to a head. Scholar Cynthia Lewis suggested that the appearance of the final reckoning is necessary in reminding the lovers of the seriousness of marriage.

The need to settle the disagreement between Navarre and France likewise suggests an instance of reckoning, though this particular reckoning is settled offstage. This is presented in stark contrast to the final scene, in which the act of reckoning cannot be avoided. In acknowledging the consequences of his actions, Don Armado is the only one to deal with his reckoning in a noble manner. The Lords and the King effectively pass judgement on themselves, revealing their true moral character when mocking the players during the representation of the Nine Worthies.

▫️Similar to reckoning is the notion of rationalization, which provides the basis for the swift change in the ladies' feelings for the men. The ladies are able to talk themselves into falling in love with the men due to the rationalization of the men's purported flaws. Lewis concluded that "the proclivity to rationalize a position, a like, or a dislike, is linked in Love's Labour's Lost with the difficulty of reckoning absolute value, whose slipperiness is indicated throughout the play."

✏️ Reality versus fantasy

▫️Critic Joseph Westlund wrote that Love's Labour's Lost functions as a "prelude to the more extensive commentary on imagination in A Midsummer Night's Dream. "There are several plot points driven by fantasy and imagination throughout the play. The Lords and the King's declaration of abstinence is a fancy that falls short of achievement. This fantasy rests on the men's idea that the resulting fame will allow them to circumvent death and oblivion, a fantastical notion itself. Within moments of swearing their oath, it becomes clear that their fantastical goal is unachievable given the reality of the world, the unnatural state of abstinence itself, and the arrival of the Princess and her ladies. This juxtaposition ultimately lends itself to the irony and humour in the play.

▫️The commoners represent the theme of reality and achievement versus fantasy via their production regarding the Nine Worthies. Like the men's fantastical pursuit of fame, the play within a play represents the commoners' concern with fame. The relationship between the fantasy of love and the reality of worthwhile achievement, a popular Renaissance topic, is also utilized throughout the play. Don Armado attempts to reconcile these opposite desires using Worthies who fell in love as model examples. Time is suspended throughout the play and is of little substance to the plot. The Princess, though originally "craving quick dispatch," quickly falls under the spell of love and abandons her urgent business. This suggests that the majority of the action takes place within a fantasy world. Only with the news of the Princess's father's death are time and reality reawakened.

#analysis #englishliterature #literature

📚 تلاش بیهوده عشق

▪️«تربیت واقعی این نیست که انسان وارد دنیای فرهنگ رویایی شود، بلکه باید خود را تابع انضباط غم و شادی سازد.»

▪️در این نمایشنامه شکسپیر تلاش بیهوده بازیگران و تظاهر آنها را به مقاومت در برابر کشش عشق و بالاخره شکستن آنان را در مقابل این قدرت عظیم نشان می دهد. او در لفافه ی طنز طبیعت واقعی انسان و انحراف از آن را می نمایاند.

✍ ویلیام شکسپیر
#ادبیاتانگلیسی #ادبیات #نمایشنامه

📝 بررسی

▫️نمایشنامه‌ی کمدی «درد بیهوده عشق (تلاش بیهوده عشق)» اثر: ویلیام شکسپیر بی‌همتاست، که در حدود سال‌های ۱۵۹۰ تا ۱۵۹۲ میلادی، نگاشته شده است. شکسپیرشناسان، همگی از این نمایشنامه، به‌عنوان نخستین کمدی ایشان، یاد می‌کنند. ماخذی برای این اثر شناسایی نشده، نمایش در پنج پرده تدوین‌شده، و دارای هفده شخصیت، و تعدادی سیاهی‌لشکر است. شخصیت‌های اصلی نمایش: «فردیناند: پادشاه ناواره، که تصمیم گرفته است دربارش را به آکادمی علم و دانش تبدیل کند.»؛ «پرنسس فرانسه: دوشیزه‌ای با نجابت، و طبعی شاهوار، که هنگام رخداد نمایش، به‌عنوان سفیر ویژه‌ای از فرانسه مهمان شاه است.»؛ «سر ناتانائیل: کشیشی طفره رو»؛ «مرکاد: یک قاصد»؛ «بردن، دوماین و لانگاویل: دوستان و ملازمان شاه»؛ «روزالین: هرزه‌ای با جبین همچون مخمل، از ندیمه‌های پرنسس»؛ «ماریا»؛ «کاترین»؛ «بویه»؛ «کاستارد»؛ «آنتونی دال»؛ «دون داریانو دو آرمادو»؛ «ماث»؛ «ژاکوئنتا»؛ «هولوفرنس»؛ «دو هنرمند»، «نجیب زادگان دربار»، «یک جنگلبان»، و «پیشکاران».؛ مکان رخدادهای نمایشنامه: یک سرزمین پادشاهی کهن در «شمال اسپانیا»، و «جنوب فرانسه»، به نام: «ناواره» است.؛ «فردیناند پادشاه ناواره» ناگهان اراده کرده است، که به‌جای تفریحات معمولی و همیشگی درباری، کاخ خود را، به‌صورت آکادمی، برای کسب علم و دانش، درآورد. در مجلس عیشی که در کاخ برگزار می‌شود، سرانجام میعاد بسته می‌شود، که در مدت سه سال، مردان دربار، جز مطالعه، و روزه گرفتن، و تنها سه ساعت خواب در شبانه‌روز، کار دیگری انجام ندهند؛ و از همه مهم‌تر با هیچ زنی نیز حرف نزنند...؛
#ادبیاتانگلیسی #ادبیات #بررسی

همه چیز به مدتِ دو روز به خوبی پیش میرود تا آنکه شاهزاده خانمی فرانسوی و زیبارو به آنجا رفته و میهمانِ شاه فردیناند میشود، ولی از آنجایی که شاه سوگند یاد کرده که سه سال هیچ زنی را وارد کاخِ خود نکند، شاهزاده خانم را به صحرا میبرد...!

📕 تلاش_بیهوده_عشق
✍  ویلیام شکسپیر

🔹William Shakespeare was an English playwright, poet, and actor, widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the world's greatest dramatist. He is often called England's national poet and the "Bard of Avon".