RevisedAnnualCalendar-2025-Engl-230824.pdf
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Upsc revised calendar
🔆Rural wage disparities
Recent data from the Reserve Bank of India highlights stark differences in rural wages across different states in India, showcasing significant disparities in earnings for farm and non-agricultural workers.
▪️Major Highlights of the Rural Wages Data by RBI?
✅Rural Economic Disruptions:
🔸During the fiscal year 2021-22, the rural economy faced challenges due to the Covid-19 pandemic affecting employment and income levels.
🔸Subsequently, in the fiscal year 2022-23, elevated inflation rates and increased interest rates significantly disrupted rural demand.
✅In case of wages for rural construction workers too, Kerala and Madhya Pradesh stand at opposite ends of the spectrum at Rs 852.5 and Rs 278.7 daily, respectively.
✅National Average Wages:
🔸Agricultural workers: Rs 345.7
🔸Non-agricultural workers: Rs 348
🔸Construction workers: Rs 393.3
✅Stagnant Rural Income Growth
Recent data from the Reserve Bank of India highlights stark differences in rural wages across different states in India, showcasing significant disparities in earnings for farm and non-agricultural workers.
▪️Major Highlights of the Rural Wages Data by RBI?
✅Rural Economic Disruptions:
🔸During the fiscal year 2021-22, the rural economy faced challenges due to the Covid-19 pandemic affecting employment and income levels.
🔸Subsequently, in the fiscal year 2022-23, elevated inflation rates and increased interest rates significantly disrupted rural demand.
✅In case of wages for rural construction workers too, Kerala and Madhya Pradesh stand at opposite ends of the spectrum at Rs 852.5 and Rs 278.7 daily, respectively.
✅National Average Wages:
🔸Agricultural workers: Rs 345.7
🔸Non-agricultural workers: Rs 348
🔸Construction workers: Rs 393.3
✅Stagnant Rural Income Growth
🔆Why are Laws and Regulations Falling Short for Women Safety?
✅Implementation Gaps: Strict laws enacted after the 2012 Nirbhaya case, like the Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2013, enforcement remains inconsistent across different regions and police jurisdictions.
Implementation of regulations, like establishing Internal Complaints Committees (ICC) in organizations, remains inadequate.
✅Additionally, in 2018 the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) requires listed companies to report cases of sexual harassment annually, but data remains inconsistent and scattered.
✅Systemic Issues: Corruption within the legal and law enforcement systems can undermine efforts to address crimes against women. Bribery and misconduct can result in cases being mishandled or dismissed.
✅Many incidents of violence are not reported due to fear of retaliation, lack of trust in the system, or perceived inefficacy of the legal process.
✅Cultural and Social Norms: Deeply ingrained societal attitudes and norms can undermine legal protections. In some communities, violence against women may be normalised or not taken seriously.
✅Cultural attitudes and victim-blaming can discourage women from reporting crimes or seeking help, fearing stigma and societal judgement.
✅Legal Challenges: Victims often face a high burden of proof, which can lead to low conviction rates. The requirement for substantial evidence and the legal complexity of cases can deter victims from pursuing justice.
✅The judicial process can be cumbersome, leading to prolonged trials and delayed justice for victims. This can also discourage survivors from reporting crimes.
✅Economic Dependence: Economic factors can also play a significant role. Women who are financially dependent on their abusers may find it difficult to leave abusive relationships, even if legal protections are in place.
✅Resistance to Change: Resistance to reform within institutions and among policymakers can delay or obstruct efforts to improve laws and regulations.
✅Legal frameworks may not evolve quickly enough to address emerging forms of violence or changes in societal attitudes.
✅Lack of Awareness and Education: There is often limited awareness among women about their legal rights and available support services. This lack of knowledge can prevent them from accessing justice and support.
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✅Implementation Gaps: Strict laws enacted after the 2012 Nirbhaya case, like the Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2013, enforcement remains inconsistent across different regions and police jurisdictions.
Implementation of regulations, like establishing Internal Complaints Committees (ICC) in organizations, remains inadequate.
✅Additionally, in 2018 the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) requires listed companies to report cases of sexual harassment annually, but data remains inconsistent and scattered.
✅Systemic Issues: Corruption within the legal and law enforcement systems can undermine efforts to address crimes against women. Bribery and misconduct can result in cases being mishandled or dismissed.
✅Many incidents of violence are not reported due to fear of retaliation, lack of trust in the system, or perceived inefficacy of the legal process.
✅Cultural and Social Norms: Deeply ingrained societal attitudes and norms can undermine legal protections. In some communities, violence against women may be normalised or not taken seriously.
✅Cultural attitudes and victim-blaming can discourage women from reporting crimes or seeking help, fearing stigma and societal judgement.
✅Legal Challenges: Victims often face a high burden of proof, which can lead to low conviction rates. The requirement for substantial evidence and the legal complexity of cases can deter victims from pursuing justice.
✅The judicial process can be cumbersome, leading to prolonged trials and delayed justice for victims. This can also discourage survivors from reporting crimes.
✅Economic Dependence: Economic factors can also play a significant role. Women who are financially dependent on their abusers may find it difficult to leave abusive relationships, even if legal protections are in place.
✅Resistance to Change: Resistance to reform within institutions and among policymakers can delay or obstruct efforts to improve laws and regulations.
✅Legal frameworks may not evolve quickly enough to address emerging forms of violence or changes in societal attitudes.
✅Lack of Awareness and Education: There is often limited awareness among women about their legal rights and available support services. This lack of knowledge can prevent them from accessing justice and support.
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"India-China ties: a paradox of partnership and rivalry. Asymmetric relations and trust deficits pose challenges. Candid dialogue can foster synergy and propel Asian prosperity."
C.RajaMohan
C.RajaMohan
Pratibha Parv
✅ The ‘Pratibha Parv’ initiative was developed to address education issues and facility shortcomings in government elementary schools. It aims to assess and regularly track students’ academic performance.
✅Nodal Agency : Government of Madhya Pradesh
Impact
✅The initiative has had wide-ranging impact in the following respects:
🔸 Identification of areas of improvement in school education in the State.
🔸 Better quality of education.
🔸 Strengthened monitoring of schools.
🔸 Improved attendance.
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✅ The ‘Pratibha Parv’ initiative was developed to address education issues and facility shortcomings in government elementary schools. It aims to assess and regularly track students’ academic performance.
✅Nodal Agency : Government of Madhya Pradesh
Impact
✅The initiative has had wide-ranging impact in the following respects:
🔸 Identification of areas of improvement in school education in the State.
🔸 Better quality of education.
🔸 Strengthened monitoring of schools.
🔸 Improved attendance.
#Government_schemes
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#Goodmorning
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🔆Persistent Issue of Violence Against Women in India
✅The recent rape and murder of a trainee doctor in Kolkata have reignited nationwide concerns about women's safety and intensified protests by healthcare workers, who are now calling for a Central law to protect them.
✅Central Protection Act: The Indian Medical Association (IMA) is advocating for the Implementation of a nationwide law to ensure the safety of healthcare professionals, similar to global examples like the United Kingdom's National Health Service (NHS) zero-tolerance policy and the United States's felony (crime that is serious enough to be punishable) classifications for assaults
📍What do the Crime Statistics Reveal About Women's Safety in India?
✅Rising Crime Rates: The National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) reported 445,256 cases of crime against women in 2022.
✅From 2018 to 2022, reported crimes against women rose by 12.9%, reflecting both increased incidents and improved reporting.
✅The Women and Men in India 2023 report shows a rise from 359,849 cases in 2017 to over 445,000 in 2022, averaging 1,220 cases daily, averaging 51 First Information Report (FIRs) per hour.
✅The National Family Health Survey-5 found that nearly one-third of women aged 15-49 in India have experienced some form of violence.
📌What are India's Initiatives Related Women Safety?
📍Legislations:
✅International Conventions: India ratified key international conventions, including the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) in 1993.
✅India also endorsed the Mexico Plan of Action (1975) aimed at full gender equality and ending gender discrimination and the UN General Assembly Session on Gender Equality and Development and Peace for the 21st century.
✅The Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act, 1956: Prohibits commercial sex work and trafficking of persons for prostitution.
✅Indecent Representation of Women Act, 1986: Prohibits indecent representation of women in advertisements and publications.
✅National Policy for the Empowerment of Women, 2001: Aims for women's advancement and empowerment, addressing violence against women and providing mechanisms for prevention, assistance, and action.
✅Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005: Provides support for women victims of domestic violence, including shelter and medical facilities, with mandatory Protection Officers.
✅Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) (PoSH) Act, 2013: The POSH Act addresses sexual harassment faced by women in the workplace, aiming to ensure a safe work environment.
🔰The Act is based on the Vishakha guidelines established by the Supreme Court in the case of Vishakha & Others v. State of Rajasthan, 1997 which addressed workplace harassment
✅Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act, 2012: Protects children from sexual offences, providing a legal framework for their protection and ensuring strict penalties for offenders
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✅The recent rape and murder of a trainee doctor in Kolkata have reignited nationwide concerns about women's safety and intensified protests by healthcare workers, who are now calling for a Central law to protect them.
✅Central Protection Act: The Indian Medical Association (IMA) is advocating for the Implementation of a nationwide law to ensure the safety of healthcare professionals, similar to global examples like the United Kingdom's National Health Service (NHS) zero-tolerance policy and the United States's felony (crime that is serious enough to be punishable) classifications for assaults
📍What do the Crime Statistics Reveal About Women's Safety in India?
✅Rising Crime Rates: The National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) reported 445,256 cases of crime against women in 2022.
✅From 2018 to 2022, reported crimes against women rose by 12.9%, reflecting both increased incidents and improved reporting.
✅The Women and Men in India 2023 report shows a rise from 359,849 cases in 2017 to over 445,000 in 2022, averaging 1,220 cases daily, averaging 51 First Information Report (FIRs) per hour.
✅The National Family Health Survey-5 found that nearly one-third of women aged 15-49 in India have experienced some form of violence.
📌What are India's Initiatives Related Women Safety?
📍Legislations:
✅International Conventions: India ratified key international conventions, including the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) in 1993.
✅India also endorsed the Mexico Plan of Action (1975) aimed at full gender equality and ending gender discrimination and the UN General Assembly Session on Gender Equality and Development and Peace for the 21st century.
✅The Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act, 1956: Prohibits commercial sex work and trafficking of persons for prostitution.
✅Indecent Representation of Women Act, 1986: Prohibits indecent representation of women in advertisements and publications.
✅National Policy for the Empowerment of Women, 2001: Aims for women's advancement and empowerment, addressing violence against women and providing mechanisms for prevention, assistance, and action.
✅Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005: Provides support for women victims of domestic violence, including shelter and medical facilities, with mandatory Protection Officers.
✅Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) (PoSH) Act, 2013: The POSH Act addresses sexual harassment faced by women in the workplace, aiming to ensure a safe work environment.
🔰The Act is based on the Vishakha guidelines established by the Supreme Court in the case of Vishakha & Others v. State of Rajasthan, 1997 which addressed workplace harassment
✅Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act, 2012: Protects children from sexual offences, providing a legal framework for their protection and ensuring strict penalties for offenders
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🔆DIVERSITY OF INDIA :
✅India is a land of rich diversities across areas such as languages, ethnicity, religion, culture, rural/urban lifestyles as well as social, economic and educational parameters.
✅ Religious diversity:
✅ According to the data on Population by Religious Communities of Census 2011, Hindu 96.63 crores (79.8%); Muslim 17.22 crores (14.2%); Christian 2.78 crores (2.3%); Sikh 2.08 crores (1.7%); Buddhist 0.84 crores (0.7%); Jain 0.45 crores (0.4%) are dispersed all over the nation forming cultural pockets.
✅The Hindus themselves are divided into Vaishnavas, Shaivites, Shaktas, Smartas, etc. and the Muslims are divided into Shias, Sunnis, Ahmadiyas, etc.
✅ Linguistic Diversity:
✅96.71 percent population in the country has one of the 22 scheduled languages as their mother tongue.
✅India has the world's second highest number of languages, after Papua New Guinea.
✅According to the 2011 census, more than 19,500 languages or dialects are spoken in India as mother tongues. There are 121 languages which are spoken by 10,000 or more people in India.
✅In 1956, the States Reorganisation Act was passed through which, India was divided into states on the basis of regional languages.
✅Geographical Diversity: Spanning an area of 3,287,263 square kilometers, India is a vast country with great diversity of physical features like dry deserts, evergreen forests, snowy Himalayas, a long coast and fertile plains.
✅ Cultural Diversity: Indian culture is one of the oldest and unique.
✅Diversity in Architecture – For example, Temple Building style – Nagara, Dravida, Vesara; various religious architecture.
✅ Diversity in Clothing
✅ Diversity in Indian food
✅ Diversity in custom and tradition – Various festival, rituals etc
✅ Diversity in Indian Cinema
✅ Diversity in Indian Literature
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✅India is a land of rich diversities across areas such as languages, ethnicity, religion, culture, rural/urban lifestyles as well as social, economic and educational parameters.
✅ According to the data on Population by Religious Communities of Census 2011, Hindu 96.63 crores (79.8%); Muslim 17.22 crores (14.2%); Christian 2.78 crores (2.3%); Sikh 2.08 crores (1.7%); Buddhist 0.84 crores (0.7%); Jain 0.45 crores (0.4%) are dispersed all over the nation forming cultural pockets.
✅The Hindus themselves are divided into Vaishnavas, Shaivites, Shaktas, Smartas, etc. and the Muslims are divided into Shias, Sunnis, Ahmadiyas, etc.
✅96.71 percent population in the country has one of the 22 scheduled languages as their mother tongue.
✅India has the world's second highest number of languages, after Papua New Guinea.
✅According to the 2011 census, more than 19,500 languages or dialects are spoken in India as mother tongues. There are 121 languages which are spoken by 10,000 or more people in India.
✅In 1956, the States Reorganisation Act was passed through which, India was divided into states on the basis of regional languages.
✅Geographical Diversity: Spanning an area of 3,287,263 square kilometers, India is a vast country with great diversity of physical features like dry deserts, evergreen forests, snowy Himalayas, a long coast and fertile plains.
✅Diversity in Architecture – For example, Temple Building style – Nagara, Dravida, Vesara; various religious architecture.
✅ Diversity in Clothing
✅ Diversity in Indian food
✅ Diversity in custom and tradition – Various festival, rituals etc
✅ Diversity in Indian Cinema
✅ Diversity in Indian Literature
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🔆Government Initiatives to Promote E-commerce in India:
✅Since 2014, initiatives like Digital India, Make in India, Start-up India, Skill India, and Innovation Fund have supported the growth of E-commerce in the country.
✅Government e-Marketplace (GeM): It is an online platform for public procurement in India that was launched in 2016 by the Ministry of Commerce and Industry.
✅Its objective is to create an inclusive, efficient, and transparent platform for the buyers and sellers to carry out procurement activities in a fair and competitive manner.
✅National Retail Policy: In order to administer offline retail and e-commerce in an integral manner, the government had identified five areas in its proposed national retail policy -
🔰Ease of doing business,
🔰Rationalisation of the licence process,
🔰Digitisation of retail,
🔰Focus on reforms and
🔰An open network for digital commerce (ONDC).
ONDC:
✅It has been built to promote open networks for all aspects of the exchange of goods and services over digital or electronic networks.
✅It uses open specifications and open network protocols independent of any specific platform.
✅The Consumer Protection (e-commerce) Rules 2020: It directed e-commerce companies to display the country of origin alongside the product listings.
✅In addition, the companies will also have to reveal parameters that go behind determining product listings on their platforms.
✅5G: Heavy investment made by the Government in rolling out a fibre network for 5G will help boost E-commerce in India.
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✅Since 2014, initiatives like Digital India, Make in India, Start-up India, Skill India, and Innovation Fund have supported the growth of E-commerce in the country.
✅Government e-Marketplace (GeM): It is an online platform for public procurement in India that was launched in 2016 by the Ministry of Commerce and Industry.
✅Its objective is to create an inclusive, efficient, and transparent platform for the buyers and sellers to carry out procurement activities in a fair and competitive manner.
✅National Retail Policy: In order to administer offline retail and e-commerce in an integral manner, the government had identified five areas in its proposed national retail policy -
🔰Ease of doing business,
🔰Rationalisation of the licence process,
🔰Digitisation of retail,
🔰Focus on reforms and
🔰An open network for digital commerce (ONDC).
ONDC:
✅It has been built to promote open networks for all aspects of the exchange of goods and services over digital or electronic networks.
✅It uses open specifications and open network protocols independent of any specific platform.
✅The Consumer Protection (e-commerce) Rules 2020: It directed e-commerce companies to display the country of origin alongside the product listings.
✅In addition, the companies will also have to reveal parameters that go behind determining product listings on their platforms.
✅5G: Heavy investment made by the Government in rolling out a fibre network for 5G will help boost E-commerce in India.
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Cabinet approves BioE3 (Biotechnology for Economy, Environment and Employment) Policy for Fostering High Performance Biomanufacturing
✅The salient features of BioE3 policy include innovation-driven support to R&D and entrepreneurship across thematic sectors.
✅This will accelerate technology development and commercialization by establishing Biomanufacturing & Bio-AI hubs and Biofoundry
✅ Along with prioritizing regenerative bioeconomy models of green growth, this policy will facilitate expansion of India’s skilled workforce and provide a surge in job creation.
✅This Policy will further strengthen Government’s initiatives such as ‘Net Zero’ carbon economy & ‘Lifestyle for Environment’ and will steer India on the path of accelerated ‘Green Growth’ by promoting ‘Circular Bioeconomy’
✅The BioE3 Policy will foster and advance future that is more sustainable, innovative, and responsive to global challenges and lays down the Bio-vision for Viksit Bharat .
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✅The salient features of BioE3 policy include innovation-driven support to R&D and entrepreneurship across thematic sectors.
✅This will accelerate technology development and commercialization by establishing Biomanufacturing & Bio-AI hubs and Biofoundry
✅ Along with prioritizing regenerative bioeconomy models of green growth, this policy will facilitate expansion of India’s skilled workforce and provide a surge in job creation.
✅This Policy will further strengthen Government’s initiatives such as ‘Net Zero’ carbon economy & ‘Lifestyle for Environment’ and will steer India on the path of accelerated ‘Green Growth’ by promoting ‘Circular Bioeconomy’
✅The BioE3 Policy will foster and advance future that is more sustainable, innovative, and responsive to global challenges and lays down the Bio-vision for Viksit Bharat .
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#Goodmorning
⏳ 26 days for CSM24 [ 20-09-24]
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TSAT-1A Satellite
✅TSAT-1A Satellite India's first private sub-metre resolution earth observation satellite,
✅TSAT-1A is launched by SpaceX's Falcon 9 rocket in the U.S
✅TSAT-1A is a sub-metre
high-resolution earth observation satellite carried into space as part of the Bandwagon-1 rideshare mission
✅Launched by Tata Advanced Systems Ltd (TASL), India, in collaboration with Satellogic
✅ It will provide high-resolution satellite images, boasting increased collection capacity, dynamic range, and low-latency delivery through its multispectral and hyperspectral capabilities
✅ (Bandwagon-1 Mission = It is a rideshare mission organized by SpaceX to launch multiple small satellites into orbit
✅ The mission is named Bandwagon-1 as it allows smaller satellite operators to jump on the bandwagon and
share a ride to space, reducing costs and increasing access to space)
✅TSAT-1A Satellite India's first private sub-metre resolution earth observation satellite,
✅TSAT-1A is launched by SpaceX's Falcon 9 rocket in the U.S
✅TSAT-1A is a sub-metre
high-resolution earth observation satellite carried into space as part of the Bandwagon-1 rideshare mission
✅Launched by Tata Advanced Systems Ltd (TASL), India, in collaboration with Satellogic
✅ It will provide high-resolution satellite images, boasting increased collection capacity, dynamic range, and low-latency delivery through its multispectral and hyperspectral capabilities
✅ (Bandwagon-1 Mission = It is a rideshare mission organized by SpaceX to launch multiple small satellites into orbit
✅ The mission is named Bandwagon-1 as it allows smaller satellite operators to jump on the bandwagon and
share a ride to space, reducing costs and increasing access to space)
Exercise Tarang Shakti
✅India will host its first multinational air exercise, ‘Tarang Shakti 2024’, in two phases starting on the 6th of next month in Sular, Tamil Nadu
✅ It is the IAF’s largest multilateral exercise. It aims to showcase India’s defence capabilities and enhance cooperation among the participating militaries.
✅ Participants: In this exercise, nearly 30 countries will participate, and out of 30, ten countries will join the exercise with their fighter aircraft.
✅ The ten countries bringing their aircraft include Australia, Bangladesh, France, Germany, Greece, Spain, the United Arab Emirates, the United Kingdom, the USA, and Singapore. Eighteen other countries will attend as observers.
✅Features : It will feature flying and ground training, defence exhibitions, and cultural exchange programs. Defence personnel from the participating countries will also visit Indian tech companies.
✅India will display its indigenous fighter aircraft and equipment, including the Tejas, Rafale, Mirage 2000, Jaguar, and MIG 29.
✅India will host its first multinational air exercise, ‘Tarang Shakti 2024’, in two phases starting on the 6th of next month in Sular, Tamil Nadu
✅ It is the IAF’s largest multilateral exercise. It aims to showcase India’s defence capabilities and enhance cooperation among the participating militaries.
✅ Participants: In this exercise, nearly 30 countries will participate, and out of 30, ten countries will join the exercise with their fighter aircraft.
✅ The ten countries bringing their aircraft include Australia, Bangladesh, France, Germany, Greece, Spain, the United Arab Emirates, the United Kingdom, the USA, and Singapore. Eighteen other countries will attend as observers.
✅Features : It will feature flying and ground training, defence exhibitions, and cultural exchange programs. Defence personnel from the participating countries will also visit Indian tech companies.
✅India will display its indigenous fighter aircraft and equipment, including the Tejas, Rafale, Mirage 2000, Jaguar, and MIG 29.
#Goodmorning
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⏳ 25 days for CSM24 [ 20-09-24]
⏳90 days IFoS Mains 2024 ( 24 nov )
⏳272 days left CSP25 [ 25-05-25]
⏳361 days left CSM25 [ 22-08-25]
⏳ 62 days UPPSC prelims 2024 ( 27 Oct )
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🔆 Karrar Combat Drones
✅ Iran recently unveiled advanced Karrar combat drones armed with air-to-air missiles, enhancing its air defence capabilities.
✅ It is an Unmanned Combat Air Vehicle (UCAV) developed by Iran.
✅ It is the first long-endurance, combat-capable Iranian drone.
✅ It will be strategically deployed along border areas, providing air defence units with the capability to intercept and neutralize hostile aerial threats at significantly reduced costs compared to traditional manned fighter sorties.
▪️Features:
✅ The Karrar drone, which was first introduced in 2010, has an operational range of up to 1,000 kilometres (620 miles).
✅ It has a maximum speed granted by its turbojet installation of 560 miles per hour.
✅ It reportedly boasts a service ceiling altitude of 47,000 feet.
Lacking any retractable or fixed undercarriage, the Karrar is launched via rocket-assist (with a catapult launching rail) and is recovered by way of a parachute-retarded freefall.
✅ It has been equipped with the Majid thermal missile with a range of 8 kilometres.
✅ The Iranian-made Majid air defence missile features advanced thermal and optical seekers, enhancing its tracking and interception capabilities.
#science_and_technology
#security
#prelims
✅ Iran recently unveiled advanced Karrar combat drones armed with air-to-air missiles, enhancing its air defence capabilities.
✅ It is an Unmanned Combat Air Vehicle (UCAV) developed by Iran.
✅ It is the first long-endurance, combat-capable Iranian drone.
✅ It will be strategically deployed along border areas, providing air defence units with the capability to intercept and neutralize hostile aerial threats at significantly reduced costs compared to traditional manned fighter sorties.
▪️Features:
✅ The Karrar drone, which was first introduced in 2010, has an operational range of up to 1,000 kilometres (620 miles).
✅ It has a maximum speed granted by its turbojet installation of 560 miles per hour.
✅ It reportedly boasts a service ceiling altitude of 47,000 feet.
Lacking any retractable or fixed undercarriage, the Karrar is launched via rocket-assist (with a catapult launching rail) and is recovered by way of a parachute-retarded freefall.
✅ It has been equipped with the Majid thermal missile with a range of 8 kilometres.
✅ The Iranian-made Majid air defence missile features advanced thermal and optical seekers, enhancing its tracking and interception capabilities.
#science_and_technology
#security
#prelims
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