Water Pollution

✅ As per NITI Aayog, overall, 70 percent of the freshwater sources in the country were found to be contaminated
and India ranks 120 out of 122 countries in terms of water quality.

Causes of Water Pollution :

✅ Water pollutants come from either point sources or dispersed sources. A point source is a pipe or channel, such as those used for discharge from an industrial facility or a city sewerage system.
✅A dispersed (or nonpoint) source is a very broad unconfined area from which a variety of pollutants enter the water body, such as the runoff from an agricultural area.
🔸 Domestic Sewage
🔸 Solid waste
🔸 Toxic waste

✅Impacts of Water Pollution: Destruction of biodiversity. Water pollution depletes aquatic ecosystems and triggers unbridled proliferation of phytoplankton in lakes — eutrophication. Contamination of the food chain

Initiatives to Control Water Pollution:

National Measures:
✅ Legal Measures: Water (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act of 1974 and the Environment (Protection) Act of 1986. Preparation of action plan for sewage management and restoration of water quality in aquatic resources by State Governments
✅ Financial assistance for installation of Common Effluent Treatment Plants for cluster of Small Scale Industrial units
✅ Issuance of directions for implementation of Zero Liquid Discharge
✅ Implementation of National Lake Conservation Plan (NLCP) and National Wetland Conservation Programme (NWCP)for conservation and management of identified lakes and wetlands

International efforts:
✅ The Convention on the Protection and Use of Transboundary Watercourses and International Lakes (Water Convention) is a unique international legal instrument which aims to ensure the sustainable use of transboundary water resources
✅ The Protocol on Water and Health, jointly serviced by UNECE and WHO-Europe, is a unique legally binding instrument aiming to protect human health by better water management and by reducing water-related diseases.
✅SDG-6: By 2030, achieve universal and equitable access to safe and affordable drinking water for all.

#mains
#environment

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The Hon’ble Supreme Court observed in Union of India v/s Association for Democratic Reforms, “One-sided information, disinformation, misinformation and non-information, all equally create an uninformed citizenry which makes democracy a farce.

Green Politics : Green politics are a set of political ideologies and social movements which places a high importance on ecological and environmental goals, and on achieving these goals through broad-based, grassroots, participatory democracy.

🔆E-Upahaar Portal:

✅It is an auction portal of the President's Secretariat (office of the President of India), Rashtrapati Bhavan for auctioning of gift items presented to Hon'ble President and former Presidents of India.

✅The portal was launched by the President of India, on July 25, 2024,

✅It is conceptualized, designed, developed and hosted by National Informatics Centre (NIC), Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology.

✅The aim of this initiative is not only to increase citizen engagement but also to support noble causes. All proceeds from the auction will be donated to help children in need.

#gs2
#prelims
#pib

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Case Study of Prasanth Bhushan: Issue of not abiding by the procedure in P. Bhushan
Case:- None of these were followed in Prashant Bhushan Case.
First issue petition was put by advocate Mr Maheshwari against Prasant Bhushan asking for exemption from the consent of AG and SC. The learned Judge said it was placed before them on the administrative side and now they are taking suo moto action.
Second Issue:- Rule 10 of the Rules to Regulate Proceedings of Contempt of Supreme court, 1975 expressly provides that the Court may direct the Attorney-General or Solicitor-General to appear and assist the court. However, SC failed to hear from AG and took his assistance throughout the hearing.

#case_study
#GS2
#polity

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Classical Realism : A theoretical perspective which offers an explanation of International Relations based upon assumptions concerning human nature. Classical realists adopt a pessimistic view of human behaviour and the primordial forces that shape us. Classical realism gained in popularity during the post-Second World War era, but has been eclipsed by the emergence of Structural (Neo) Realism.

Neighborhood First Policy : India’s ‘Neighbourhood First policy’ guides its approach towards the management of relations with countries in its immediate neighbourhood, that is, Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Maldives, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. The Neighbourhood First policy, inter alia, is aimed at enhancing physical, digital and people to people connectivity across the region, as well as augmenting trade and commerce.

#IR
#mains

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🔆Indra Sawhney vs. Union of India 1992

✅The case addressed the validity and extent of reservations for backward classes in government jobs and services.
✅The Court upheld 27% reservation for backward classes, set a 50% cap on total reservations, and ruled that promotions cannot be reserved.
✅Affirmed the limits on reservations and the importance of maintaining administrative efficiency.

#polity
#mains

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EAC-PM
(various positions)
Good plan B for CSE Aspirants

Lijiye sab kuch de diya ab toh😅

“The Revised Syllabus of Paper-I, Part-B ‘Professional Skill’ of Forthcoming CISF AC (Exe) LDCE-2025

MEHRGARH

✅ It is a neolithic site dated 7000-2000 BC situated on the Kacchi plains in Baluchistan, Pakistan near the Bolan Pass, one of the most important routes into Iran.
✅ One of the earliest sites to show evidence of farming and herding in South Asia.
✅ Mehrgarh was one of places where people learnt to grow barley and wheat and rear sheep and goats for the first time in the subcontinent.
✅ At this site, animal bones were found. Bones of wild animals such as deer and pig and bones of sheep and goat were found.
✅ It is one of the earliest villages that we know about.
✅ Houses: Square or rectangular houses are found here. Each house had four or more compartments, some of which may have been used for storage.
✅ Burial: Several burial sites have been found at Mehrgarh. In one instance, dead person was buried with goats, which were probably meant to serve as food in next world (belief in afterlife)

#art_and_culture
#prelims

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🔆Flying Rivers

✅The warming of the Indian Ocean is giving rise to flying or atmospheric rivers which are causing devastating floods in India.

✅Flying Rivers are the storms that travel as huge, invisible ribbons of water vapor and dump heavy rains.
✅An average atmospheric river is about 2,000 km long, 500 km wide and nearly 3 km deep.
✅These “rivers in the sky” carry some 90% of the total water vapor that moves across the Earth’s mid-latitudes.
✅The water vapor forms a band or a column in the lower part of the atmosphere which moves from the tropics to the cooler latitudes and comes down as rain or snow, devastating enough to cause floods or deadly avalanches.
✅As the earth warms up faster, scientists say these atmospheric rivers have become longer, wider and more intense, putting hundreds of millions of people worldwide at risk from flooding.

#geography

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