Berubari Union Case (1960)
✅The Preamble shows the general purpose behind several provisions of the Constitution.
✅ If terms used in articles are ambiguous, some assistance from the preamble could be taken for interpretation.
✅SC held that the Preamble is not a part of the Constitution.
✅The Preamble shows the general purpose behind several provisions of the Constitution.
✅ If terms used in articles are ambiguous, some assistance from the preamble could be taken for interpretation.
✅SC held that the Preamble is not a part of the Constitution.
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🔆Sweet sorghum
✅Sweet sorghum is a hardy, nutritious, biofuel crop that offers solutions in drought-hit southern Africa because of El-Nino phenomenon.
Sweet sorghum:
✅It is the most important millet crop occupying largest area among the cereals next to rice.
✅One of the key characteristics of sweet sorghum varieties is their drought resistance. It allows them to enter a dormant state during extended periods of dryness and resume growth afterwards.
📍Required climatic conditions
✅The crop does not prefer high rainfall as high soil moisture or continuous heavy rain after flowering may hamper sugar increase.
✅All soils that have medium depth with good drainage are suited.
✅Depending on the soil (red, black, laterite and loamy) and its depth water requirement may vary which in turn decide the suitability of the crop.
📍Unique features of Sorghum
✅It has ability to withstand low water and nitrogen inputs, as well as its tolerance for salinity and drought stress, makes it an ideal crop for farmers in arid regions.
✅Research has shown that, under intense water scarcity conditions, sweet sorghum makes use of its stalk juice to supplement its plant needs.
✅It is used in food industry and its stalk is used for the production of value-added products like ethanol, syrup and jaggery and bioenriched bagasse as a fodder and as a base material for cogeneration.
✅It can produce grains, animal feed and sugary juice, making it unique among crops.
✅The grains from sweet sorghum are prepared as steamed bread or porridge malt for traditional beer, as well as in commercial beer production across the continent.
✅Sweet sorghum is a hardy, nutritious, biofuel crop that offers solutions in drought-hit southern Africa because of El-Nino phenomenon.
Sweet sorghum:
✅It is the most important millet crop occupying largest area among the cereals next to rice.
✅One of the key characteristics of sweet sorghum varieties is their drought resistance. It allows them to enter a dormant state during extended periods of dryness and resume growth afterwards.
📍Required climatic conditions
✅The crop does not prefer high rainfall as high soil moisture or continuous heavy rain after flowering may hamper sugar increase.
✅All soils that have medium depth with good drainage are suited.
✅Depending on the soil (red, black, laterite and loamy) and its depth water requirement may vary which in turn decide the suitability of the crop.
📍Unique features of Sorghum
✅It has ability to withstand low water and nitrogen inputs, as well as its tolerance for salinity and drought stress, makes it an ideal crop for farmers in arid regions.
✅Research has shown that, under intense water scarcity conditions, sweet sorghum makes use of its stalk juice to supplement its plant needs.
✅It is used in food industry and its stalk is used for the production of value-added products like ethanol, syrup and jaggery and bioenriched bagasse as a fodder and as a base material for cogeneration.
✅It can produce grains, animal feed and sugary juice, making it unique among crops.
✅The grains from sweet sorghum are prepared as steamed bread or porridge malt for traditional beer, as well as in commercial beer production across the continent.
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Forwarded from CSE EXAM ( UPSC prelims mains) CAPF
Critical Minerals
✅ Definition: Critical Minerals - high economic vulnerability and supply chain risk
✅ Rare Earth (RE): 17 elements, divided into Light REE and Heavy REE
✅ Major Producers: Chile, Indonesia, Congo, China, Australia, South Africa
✅ India's RE Elements: Lanthanum, Cerium, Neodymium, Praseodymium, Samarium
✅ India's Reserve Status: 5th-largest rare earth reserves, double Australia's.
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✅ Definition: Critical Minerals - high economic vulnerability and supply chain risk
✅ Rare Earth (RE): 17 elements, divided into Light REE and Heavy REE
✅ Major Producers: Chile, Indonesia, Congo, China, Australia, South Africa
✅ India's RE Elements: Lanthanum, Cerium, Neodymium, Praseodymium, Samarium
✅ India's Reserve Status: 5th-largest rare earth reserves, double Australia's.
Join @CSE_EXAM
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#Goodmorning
⏳13 days for CSP24 [ 16-06-24]
⏳ 109 days for CSM24 [ 20-09-24]
⏳356 days left CSP25 [ 25-05-25]
⏳445 days left CSM25 [ 22-08-25]
⏳ -20 days mppsc pre 2024 ( 23 June 2024)
⏳ -119 days for 70th bpsc prelims (30 sept)
#Target
#TargetOnlyone
#Accountability
⏳13 days for CSP24 [ 16-06-24]
⏳ 109 days for CSM24 [ 20-09-24]
⏳356 days left CSP25 [ 25-05-25]
⏳445 days left CSM25 [ 22-08-25]
⏳ -20 days mppsc pre 2024 ( 23 June 2024)
⏳ -119 days for 70th bpsc prelims (30 sept)
#Target
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🔆DNA AND RNA
✅Genomic DNA: The complete set of genetic material in an organism, containing the instructions for the development, functioning, and reproduction of an organism.
✅Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): DNA found in the mitochondria, responsible for energy production within the cell, inherited maternally, and used in evolutionary studies.
✅Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): DNA found in chloroplasts, crucial for photosynthesis in plants, and used in plant evolutionary studies.
✅Messenger RNA (mRNA): Carries genetic information from DNA to the ribosome for protein synthesis, crucial for gene expression regulation.
✅Transfer RNA (tRNA): Transfers amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis, essential for translating the genetic code into proteins.
✅Ribosomal RNA (rRNA): Forms part of the ribosome and plays a vital role in protein synthesis.
✅Small Nuclear RNA (snRNA): Involved in RNA splicing, which is the process of removing introns from pre-mRNA to form mature mRNA.
✅MicroRNA (miRNA): Regulates gene expression by targeting specific mRNAs for degradation or by inhibiting their translation.
✅Long Non-Coding RNA (lncRNA): Regulates gene expression and various cellular processes without encoding proteins, implicated in diseases and development.
#science_and_technology
#pre_revision
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🔆Article 14
✅Article 14: The state shall not deny to any person “equality before the law” or the “equal protection of the laws” within the territory of India.
Equality Before Law (British Origin + Negative connotation):
✅Absence of any special privileges in favour of any person;
✅ Equal subjection of all persons to ordinary law of land administered by ordinary law courts;
✅ No person is above the law.
Equal Protection of Law (American Origin + Positive notion):
✅ Equality of treatment under equal circumstances, both in privileges conferred and liabilities imposed by the laws;
✅ Similar application of the same laws to all persons who are similarly situated;
✅ Like should be treated alike without any discrimination.
✅The Supreme Court held that where equals and unequals are treated differently, Article 14 does not apply.
✅ Article 14 forbids class legislation, but it permits reasonable classification of persons, objects and transactions by the law (should not be arbitrary, artificial or evasive).
✅ Confers rights to all persons (citizens and foreigners) and includes Legal Persons.
✅ Rule of Law (by A V Dicey) (Basic feature of the Constitution): The concept of ‘Equality before Law’ is an element of the Rule of Law.
🔸 Rule of Law has 3 fundamental principles: The first and the second elements are applicable to the Indian System (the Constitution is the source of the individual rights)
🔸Absence of arbitrary power - applicable to the Indian System. [UPSC 2021]
🔸 Equality before the law - applicable to the Indian System.
✅Primacy of individual rights - Not applicable, as the constitution is the source of individual rights.
Exceptions to Equality:
✅ Art 361: The President of India and Governor enjoy few immunities.
✅ Art 361-A: No person is liable for any civil or criminal proceedings in any court in respect of publication in the newspaper (or by radio/television) of a substantially true report of any proceedings of Parliament or the state legislature.
✅ Art 105: Parliamentary privilege of members of Parliament.
✅ Art 194: Privileges of members of the state legislature in the legislature or any committee thereof.
✅ Art 31-C: SC held that where “Art 31-C comes in, Art 14 goes out”.
✅ It provides that the laws made by the state for implementing the directive principles contained in clause (b) or clause (c) of Article 39 cannot be challenged on the grounds that they are violative of Article 14.
✅ Foreign sovereigns and diplomats enjoy immunity from criminal and civil proceedings.
✅ The UNO and its agencies enjoy diplomatic immunity.
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#Goodmorning
⏳12 days for CSP24 [ 16-06-24]
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⏳355 days left CSP25 [ 25-05-25]
⏳444 days left CSM25 [ 22-08-25]
⏳ -19 days mppsc pre 2024 ( 23 June 2024)
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#Target
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⏳12 days for CSP24 [ 16-06-24]
⏳ 108 days for CSM24 [ 20-09-24]
⏳355 days left CSP25 [ 25-05-25]
⏳444 days left CSM25 [ 22-08-25]
⏳ -19 days mppsc pre 2024 ( 23 June 2024)
⏳ -118 days for 70th bpsc prelims (30 sept)
#Target
#TargetOnlyone
#Accountability
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‘Not Defined’ terms in Constitution
✅ Domicile
✅ Minority
✅ Federalism
✅ Interim budget
✅ Untouchability
✅ budget
✅ Deputy prime minister
✅ Deputy minister
✅ Office of Profit
✅ Basic Structure
✅ Judicial Review
✅ Public Interest Litigation (PIL)
✅ Contempt of Court
✅ Reasonable Restriction
✅ Violation of Constitution
✅ Freedom of speech and expression
✅Welfare State
#pre_revision
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#Goodmorning
⏳11 days for CSP24 [ 16-06-24]
⏳ 107 days for CSM24 [ 20-09-24]
⏳354 days left CSP25 [ 25-05-25]
⏳443 days left CSM25 [ 22-08-25]
⏳ -18 days mppsc pre 2024 ( 23 June 2024)
⏳ -117 days for 70th bpsc prelims (30 sept)
#Target
#TargetOnlyone
#Accountability
⏳11 days for CSP24 [ 16-06-24]
⏳ 107 days for CSM24 [ 20-09-24]
⏳354 days left CSP25 [ 25-05-25]
⏳443 days left CSM25 [ 22-08-25]
⏳ -18 days mppsc pre 2024 ( 23 June 2024)
⏳ -117 days for 70th bpsc prelims (30 sept)
#Target
#TargetOnlyone
#Accountability
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