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🔆 India & Climate Change: Key Data with Sources

📍 Climate Stats

✅ India’s GHG Emissions – 10% of global emissions, 3rd largest emitter (after China 30% & USA 15%)
Source: Down to Earth

✅ India’s per capita CO2 = 2.4 tonnes (vs global avg 6.3) – lowest among major economies
– USA = 16.5 t, China = 10 t, EU = 7 t
Source: Global Carbon Project

✅ Sector-wise GHG in India – Energy 75%, Agriculture 15%, Industries 8%, Waste 3%
Source: NITI Aayog

✅ India 7th most vulnerable nation to climate-induced extreme weather
Source: Global Climate Risk Index

✅ Climate change-induced extreme weather causes losses = 0.5% of India’s GDP annually
Source: WMO

✅ ~1 billion children globally under extreme climate risk
Source: UNICEF

✅ India’s CO2 emissions from fossil fuels to rise 4.6% in 2024 – highest among major economies
Source: Global Carbon Project

✅ Earth has warmed by 1.1°C vs preindustrial; World emits ~40 Gt CO₂/year
Source: IPCC 6th Assessment Report (AR6)

✅ Carbon budget:
– For 1.5°C = 500 Gt (breach ~2030s)
– For 2°C = 1350 Gt (breach ~2050s)
Source: IPCC AR6

✅ India ranks 7th globally on Climate Action, only G20 nation on track for Paris targets
Source: Climate Change Performance Index 2024

✅ Even with current NDCs, warming may exceed 3°C
Source: Emissions Gap Report 2023

✅ Adaptation finance needs = 10–18× higher than current flow
Source: Adaptation Gap Report 2023

✅ India needs ₹10 trillion investment for net-zero by 2070
Source: CEEW

✅ Only 16% of past carbon credits led to real emission cuts
Source: Nature Journal

📍 Additional Insights:

✅ Global carbon budget for 1.5°C = 400–500 Gt CO₂ left since 2020; World emits ~40 Gt/year
Source: IPCC AR6

✅ India’s GHG emissions rose by over 6% in 2023 vs 2022
Source: UNEP Emissions Report

✅ Top 10% richest emit 20× more CO₂ per person than bottom 10%; they account for ~50% of total emissions
Source: World Inequality Database

✅ Climate change intensified global water cycle by 7.4% → more extreme droughts/floods
Source: Nature Journal

✅ Trees & soil CO₂ absorption fell 20% since 2015 due to climate change
Source: UNCCD Report

#Data #GS3 #GS1 #mains #environment #essay

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@UPSC_FACTS

📍 Nehru Report: Key Highlights (1928)
✅ Dominion Status within the British Empire with a parliamentary system
✅ Bicameral legislature: A Senate and a House of Representatives
✅ Governor-General to act solely on the advice of the Executive Council
✅ Federal structure, with residuary powers resting with the Centre
✅ No separate electorates for minorities to curb communal divisions
✅ No communal weightage system to be applied in any province
✅ No reserved seats for Muslims in Punjab and Bengal; only in select provinces if necessary
✅ Judiciary to remain independent of Executive interference
✅ Muslim representation at the Centre to be fixed at 25%
✅ Sindh to be separated from Bombay Presidency, if financially viable
✅ Political reforms to extend to the North-West Frontier Province (NWFP)

#history #prelims

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🔆 External Migration: A Double-Edged Sword

📍Migration brings economic benefits but also social challenges.

✅ Positive Impacts
• Remittances boost economy: India received over $100 billion recently.
• Employment generation abroad: Eases pressure on local job markets.
• Skill transfer: Returnees bring global expertise (e.g., IT professionals).
• Improved living standards: Better access to health and education.
• Cultural exposure: Enhances language, awareness, global ties.
• Diplomatic leverage: Diaspora strengthens India’s global influence.

❌ Negative Impacts
• Brain drain: Skilled youth, especially STEM grads, migrate.
• Family disruption: Long separation causes emotional stress.
• Regional imbalance: Punjab, Kerala over-dependent on remittances.
• Worker exploitation: Many face wage theft, legal issues abroad.
• Remittance dependency: Economic shocks like COVID-19 hit hard.
• Cultural erosion: Identity conflicts among migrant youth.

#geography #society

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🔆 Viksit Bharat by 2047

📍 Vision and Objective
✅ Viksit Bharat 2047 is a vision introduced by the Government of India to transform the country into a developed and self-reliant nation by the year 2047, marking the centenary of India’s independence.

📍 Various Objectives of Viksit Bharat:

✅ Economic Growth and Self-Reliance:
• Pushing ‘Make in India’ and Atma Nirbhara Bharat schemes.

✅ Human Resource Development:
• Implementing National Education Policy 2020 with efficiency and promoting skill training through PM Kaushal Vikas Yojana.

✅ Infrastructure Development:
• Fostering growth of physical, social, and digital infrastructure under Smart City initiative.

✅ Sustainable Growth:
• Reducing carbon emissions by adopting alternative energy sources to achieve carbon neutrality by 2070.

✅ Promoting Good Governance:
• Administrative reforms using Mission Karmyogi and e-governance.

✅ Inclusive Growth:
• Raising women’s participation in the economy and ensuring equitable growth across regions.

✅ Global Leadership:
• Strengthening India’s position in organizations like the UN, G20, and BRICS.

🔆 Anushilan Samiti (1902)
📍 Overview:
✅ Founder: Satish Chandra Basu, encouraged by Sister Nivedita and Swami Shraddananda.
✅ Area: Kolkata.

📍 Features:
✅ The organization was named after Bankimchandra's play "Anushilan-Tattva", meaning discipline theory.
✅ Pramathanath Mitra was the main patron.
✅ The Banaras branch (Young Men’s Association) and the Patna branch were founded in 1908 and 1913 by Sachin Sanyal.
✅ Bengal branch: The Anushilan group was involved in the Alipore conspiracy case and Manicktolla bomb conspiracy, with many arrested.
✅ The group was backed by extremist leaders like Bipin Chandra Pal and Brahmabandhab Upadhya.

✅ Activities:
- The members carried out dacoities, bomb explosions, and assassinations of key British employees.