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πŸ”†Responsible AI for All (RAI) on Facial Recognition Technology (FRT)
βœ…By NITI Aayog
βœ…This White paper examines Facial Recognition Technology (FRT) under NITI Aayog’s RAI principles to establish a framework for its responsible and safe use in India.
βœ…FRT identifies or verifies individuals using AI algorithms based on images or videos. It performs three main functions:
πŸ”Έfacial detection,
πŸ”Έ facial extraction, and
πŸ”Έ facial recognition.
βœ…Applications include security (surveillance, law enforcement) and non-security uses (contactless services, authentication).
βœ…Recommendations for responsible FRT use emphasize the need for robust data protection to ensure privacy and security. It is crucial to implement measures that ensure transparency and address AI biases to uphold accountability.


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πŸ”†Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)

βœ… It is a technology that uses radio waves to automatically identify various tagged objects.
βœ…A wireless system comprised of two components - tags and readers.
βœ…Range -- 9 kHz - 300GHz ( read distance depends upon the frequency used ).
βœ… It does not require a direct line of sight to be read.
βœ… Data stored in an RFID tag can be updated in real time .

β–ͺ️ Barcode

βœ… It is a printed series of parallel bars or lines of varying width used for entering data into a computer system.
βœ… The bars are black o a white background and vary in width and quantity depending on the application.
βœ… These barcodes are scanned using special optical scanners known as barcode readers.

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AnsKey-CAPF-AC-2023-GAT-090724.pdf
12.5 MB
CAPF AC 2023
Answer key
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CAPF2023.pdf
5 MB
CAPF 2023 clean pdf
Conducted today.

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CSE EXAM ( UPSC prelims mains) CAPF
DAF-I-Notice-CSME-2024-engl-030724.pdf
Important Alert:

Today is the last date to submit DAF-I by 6:00 PM. Those who have qualified for Civil Services (Main) Examination this year please ensure you have filled it.

The candidature of those candidates, who fail to finally submit their DAF-I, complete in all respects, by given time, will be cancelled and they will not be allowed to appear in the Civil Services (Main) Examination, 2024.

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πŸ”† Schools of Indian Philosophy

βœ…During the later Vedic period, definite ideas and philosophies about the true nature of soul or Atman and the cosmic principle or Brahman who represented the ultimate reality were developed.
βœ…These Vedic philosophical concepts later on gave rise to various schools of philosophies called Shada Darshana.
βœ…They fall in the category of the orthodox system, as the final authority of the Vedas is recognised by all of them.
βœ…The orthodox schools of Indian philosophy are as follows:

β–ͺ️Samkhya system
βœ… Propounded by Kapil Muni, this philosophy holds that reality is constituted of two principles- one female and the other male i.e., Prakriti and Purusha respectively.
βœ… It tries to establish a relationship between Purusha and Prakriti to explain the creation of the universe.

β–ͺ️Yoga
βœ…The origin of yoga is found in the Yogasutra of Patanjali believed to have been written in the second century BC.
βœ…By purifying and controlling changes in the mental mechanism, yoga systematically brings about the release of purusha from prakriti.
βœ…Yogic techniques control the body, mind and sense organs.
βœ…Thus, this philosophy is also considered a means of achieving freedom or mukti.

β–ͺ️ Nyaya
βœ…Gautama is said to be the author of the Nyaya Sutras.
βœ…Nyaya is considered as a
technique of logical thinking.
βœ…The school holds that there are four valid means of knowledge:
1. perception (pratyaksha),
2. inference (anumana),
3. comparison (upamana), and
4. sound, or testimony
(shabda).

β–ͺ️Vaisheshika
βœ…Kanada wrote the basic text of Vaisheshika philosophy.
βœ…Vaisheshika system is
considered as the realistic and objective philosophy of the universe.
βœ…It believes that all objects of the universe are composed of five elements–earth, water, air, fire and ether.
βœ…Further, God is the guiding principle and the living beings are rewarded or punished according to the law of karma.

β–ͺ️Mimamsa
βœ…Mimamsa philosophy is basically the analysis of interpretation, application and the use of the text of the Samhita and Brahmana portions of the Vedas.
βœ…According to the philosophy,
Vedas are eternal and possess all knowledge, and religion means the fulfilment of duties prescribed by the Vedas.

β–ͺ️ Vedanta
βœ…Vedanta implies the philosophy of the Upanishad, the concluding portion of the Vedas.
βœ…It also believes that there is no distinction between the Brahman and the self.
βœ…Shankaracharya believes that the Brahman is existent, unchanging, the highest truth and the ultimate knowledge.
βœ…The knowledge of the Brahman is the essence of all things and the ultimate existence.

Apart from these orthodox schools, there are also unorthodox schools of Indian philosophy, such as:

β–ͺ️Charvaka/Lokayata :


βœ…This school does not accept the authority of Vedas.
βœ…It is a materialistic, sceptical and atheistic school of thought, which believes that there is no other world.
βœ…Hence, death is the end of humans and pleasure is the ultimate object in life.

β–ͺ️Buddhism :

βœ… It is a non-theistic philosophy whose tenets are not especially concerned with the existence or non-existence of God.
βœ…Buddha gave the concept of β€œfour noble truths” and expounded the β€œashtangika marg”.

β–ͺ️Jainism :

βœ…A basic principle of Jainism is anekantavada, the idea that reality is perceived differently from different points of view, and that no single point of view is completely true.
βœ…According to it, only the Kevalins (those who have infinite knowledge) can know the true answer, and all others would only know a part of the answer.

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πŸ”†Pillar Architecture: Mauryan’s Pillars

βœ…Mauryan Pillars (4th and 2nd Century BC) are one of the crucial architectural belongings of Ancient India. These pillars give details about the major incidents of those times, rulers, wars, etc. Thus, they are major sources of information for Historians.
βœ…Three types of pillars were made during the Mauryan period. The 1st variety was that of a wooden pillar. These pillars were used in the palace build by Chandra Gupta Maurya. These pillars are known only from literacy reference.
βœ…The other 2 varieties of pillars were made up of stone. Out of these 1st variety was used in the stone palace build by Ashoka to support the roof & 2nd variety represented Independent work.
βœ…Despite the fact that creating pillars is an ancient practice, Mauryan pillars vary from pillars in other regions of the globe (such as Achaemenian pillars) in that they are rock-cut pillars, demonstrating the carver’s talent.
βœ…Two kinds of stone were used to chisel these pillars. Some are made of white sandstone from the Mathura region, while others are made of buff-colored fine-grained hard sandstone mined in Chunar near Varanasi.
βœ…Capital is the topmost element of a pillar or column. Figures such as a bull, lion, elephant, and others were carved onto the upper half of the pillar. The capital figures (typically animals) are all carved standing on a square or circular abacus and are all forceful.
βœ…Abacuses have stylized lotuses on them.
βœ…The Lion Capital, a Mauryan pillar capital unearthed at Sarnath, is the best specimen of Mauryan sculpting tradition.
βœ…King Ashoka erected many pillars across his territory.
βœ…The pillars of Ashoka are a series of monolithic columns dispersed throughout the Indian subcontinent, erected or at least inscribed with edicts by the Mauryan Emperor Ashoka during his reign from c.  268 to 232 BCE.
βœ…Ashoka used the expression DhaαΉƒma thaαΉƒbhā (Dharma stambha), i.e. β€œpillars of the Dharma” to describe his own pillars. These pillars constitute important monuments of the architecture of India, most of them exhibiting the characteristic Mauryan polish.
βœ…Of the pillars erected by Ashoka, twenty still survive including those with inscriptions of his edicts.
βœ…Only a few with animal capitals survive of which seven complete specimens are known. Two pillars were relocated by Firuz Shah Tughlaq to DelhiSeveral pillars were relocated later by Mughal Empire rulers, the animal capitals being removed.
βœ…Averaging between 12 and 15 m (40 and 50 ft) in height, and weighing up to 50 tons each, the pillars were dragged, sometimes hundreds of miles, to where they were erected.
βœ…All the pillars of Ashoka were built at Buddhist monasteries, many important sites from the life of the Buddha and places of pilgrimage. Some of the columns carry inscriptions addressed to the monks and nuns. Some were erected to commemorate visits by Ashoka.
βœ…Major pillars are present in the Indian States of Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh and some parts of Haryana.
βœ…The capital without the crowning wheel and the lotus base has been adopted as the National Emblem of Independent India.

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SDG India Index 2023-24.pdf
1.3 MB
πŸ”†The SDG India index

βœ…First launched in December 2018, the index has become the primary tool for monitoring progress on the SDGs in India.
βœ…It has also fostered competition among the states and UTs by ranking them on the global goals.
βœ…The index is developed in collaboration with the United Nations in India.
βœ…It tracks the progress of all states and UTs on 113 indicators aligned with the National Indicator Framework (NIF) of the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation.

How are states and UTs ranked?


βœ… The SDG India Index scores range between 0–100, higher the score of a State/UT, the greater the distance to target achieved.
βœ…States and UTs are classified into four categories based on Index score:
πŸ”ΈAspirant: 0–49.
πŸ”ΈPerformer: 50–64.
πŸ”ΈFront-runner: 65–99.
πŸ”ΈAchiever: 100.

Currently, there are no states in the aspirant and achiever category.


πŸ“Key highlights

βœ…The composite score for India improved from 57 in 2018 to 66 in 2020-21 to further to 71 in 2023-24.
βœ…India has taken significant strides in accelerating progress on the SDGs between the 2020-21 and 2023-24 editions of the Index.
βœ…Noteworthy advancements have been observed in Goals 1 (No Poverty), 8 (Decent Work and Economic Growth), 13 (Climate Action).
βœ…The SDG India Index 2023-24 reports a positive trend in the performance of States and UTs in their SDG journey.
βœ…The scores for States now range from 57 to 79, while UTs score between 65 and 77.
βœ…This represents an improvement over the 2020-21 scores, where the range was 52 to 75 for States and 62 to 79 for UTs.
βœ…Uttarakhand and Kerala have taken the top spot among states with a score of 79 each while Bihar was ranked last with a score of 57.


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πŸ”†'Responsible quantum technologies’ movement

βœ…The United Nations has declared 2025 as the International Year of Quantum Science and Technology to raise awareness of quantum S&T’s benefits.
βœ…Responsible quantum S&T calls for ethical practices to prevent misuse, especially given the dual-use nature of the technology.
βœ…Companies like IBM are committed to positive social impact and preventing harmful applications of quantum technology.
βœ…Challenges include disparities in quantum S&T capacities between countries and ethical issues. National policies often prioritize intellectual property protections over openness.


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πŸ”†Constitutional Rights for safeguarding Vulnerable groups against Climate Change/Disasters:


βœ…Right to Life and Personal Liberty (Article 21): The Constitution guarantees the right to life and personal liberty, which includes the right to live in a safe environment free from the adverse effects of climate change and disasters.

βœ… Right to Equality (Article 14): Women and girls are entitled to equal protection under the law, ensuring that they receive equitable treatment ans opportunities in climate change adaptation and disaster response measures.

βœ… Right to Health (Article 21): The Constitution recognizes the right to health as an integral part of the right to life, ensuring access to healthcare services to mitigate health risks posed by climate change and disasters, particularly for pregnant women and children.

βœ… Directive Principles of State Policy (Article 39):
The Directive Principles of State Policy mandate the state to ensure that women are not subject to discrimination and have equal rights to livelihood opportunities.

βœ… Fundamental Duties (Article 51A): Citizens have a duty to protect and improve the natural environment, including forests, lakes, rivers, and wildlife, which are essential for climate resilience and disaster mitigation efforts that benefit women and girls.

βœ… Protection Against Exploitation (Article 23): The Constitution prohibits trafficking, forced labour, and other forms of exploitation, safeguarding women and girls from vulnerabilities exacerbated by climate change-induced displacement and migration.

βœ… Special Provisions for Women and Children (Article 15): The Constitution allows the state to make special provisions for the advancement of women and children, including measures to enhance their resilience and adaptive capacity to climate change and disasters.

βœ… Protection of Tribal Rights (Article 244): Indigenous women and girls have constitutionally protected rights to their traditional lands and resources, which are essential for their resilience to climate change impacts.


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πŸ”†Usha Mehta

βœ…She was a prominent figure in India's freedom struggle, known for her role in establishing Congress Radio during the Quit India Movement in 1942. A law student in Bombay at the time,
βœ…Mehta was deeply inspired by Mahatma Gandhi's call for civil disobedience. She played a pivotal role in setting up Congress Radio as an underground radio station to counter British censorship
and provide uncensored news and information to the Indian public.
βœ…Despite challenges, they succeeded in providing a vital voice for India's freedom struggle, amplifying the call for independence and inspiring generations. When Mehta was released from Pune’s Yerawada Jail in March 1946, she was hailed in the nationalist media as β€œRadio-ben”. Conferred the Padma Vibhushan in 1998, Mehta died after a brief illness in 2000.

βœ…Usha Mehta's story exemplifies ethical values such as:
πŸ”Έ Commitment to Justice
πŸ”Έ Courage: Mehta demonstrated courage in the face of adversity, refusing to bow down to British authorities and continuing to broadcast nationalist messages even when faced with the threat of arrest.
πŸ”Έ Integrity: Despite the risks involved, she remained true to her principles and refused to compromise on the ideals of freedom and democracy.
πŸ”Έ Sacrifice: Mehta made personal sacrifices, including risking her safety and freedom, for the greater good of the nation and its people.
πŸ”Έ Leadership: She showed leadership by taking the initiative and organizing the establishment of Congress Radio, rallying others to join the resistance against British colonial rule.

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