1(a) A cell is considered the functional unit of life because it is the smallest structural and functional unit capable of performing all life processes. Cells carry out essential activities such as metabolism, energy production, and reproduction, which are necessary for an organism's survival and function.
1(b) Endocytosis is the process by which cells internalize external substances by engulfing them with their membrane. It involves the following steps:
- Invagination: The cell membrane folds inward to form a pocket around the external material.
- Vesicle Formation: The pocket pinches off from the membrane, forming a vesicle containing the engulfed material.
- Vesicle Fusion: The vesicle merges with intracellular compartments like lysosomes, where the internalized material can be processed or digested.
1(c) Two functions of endocytosis in organisms are:
- Nutrient Uptake: Cells use endocytosis to take in essential nutrients and molecules that are otherwise too large to pass through the cell membrane.
- Removal of Cell Surface Receptors: It helps in regulating cell surface receptors and other membrane proteins by internalizing and recycling or degrading them.
1(d) Pheromones in insects serve as chemical signals used for communication between individuals of the same species. They play crucial roles in behaviors such as mating (by attracting potential mates), marking territory, and coordinating group activities within colonies, such as foraging or defense.
1(b) Endocytosis is the process by which cells internalize external substances by engulfing them with their membrane. It involves the following steps:
- Invagination: The cell membrane folds inward to form a pocket around the external material.
- Vesicle Formation: The pocket pinches off from the membrane, forming a vesicle containing the engulfed material.
- Vesicle Fusion: The vesicle merges with intracellular compartments like lysosomes, where the internalized material can be processed or digested.
1(c) Two functions of endocytosis in organisms are:
- Nutrient Uptake: Cells use endocytosis to take in essential nutrients and molecules that are otherwise too large to pass through the cell membrane.
- Removal of Cell Surface Receptors: It helps in regulating cell surface receptors and other membrane proteins by internalizing and recycling or degrading them.
1(d) Pheromones in insects serve as chemical signals used for communication between individuals of the same species. They play crucial roles in behaviors such as mating (by attracting potential mates), marking territory, and coordinating group activities within colonies, such as foraging or defense.
2. (b) Ways in which the feeding habit of *Paramecium* is similar to that of humans:
- Ingestion of Food: Both *Paramecium* and humans ingest food to obtain nutrients.
- Digestion: Both processes involve breaking down food into smaller, absorbable molecules.
- Enzymatic Action: Both utilize enzymes to digest food, though in different ways (intracellular in *Paramecium* and extracellular in humans).
- Absorption of Nutrients: Both absorb nutrients from digested food to support metabolic processes.
Ways in which the feeding habit of *Paramecium* is different from that of humans:
- Mode of Ingestion: *Paramecium* uses a ciliary current to draw food particles into its oral groove, while humans use the mouth to ingest food.
- Digestion Site: *Paramecium* digests food internally within a food vacuole, while humans digest food in the stomach and intestines.
- Type of Food: *Paramecium* primarily consumes small microorganisms and organic particles, whereas humans consume a wide variety of food types.
- Absorption Mechanism: In *Paramecium*, nutrients are absorbed directly from the food vacuole, while in humans, nutrients are absorbed through the intestinal walls into the bloodstream.
2. (c) When a patient lying flat on a hospital bed swallows food, the process involves:
- Peristalsis: The esophagus uses a series of muscle contractions (peristalsis) to push the food downward.
- Gravity Assistance: Although the patient is lying flat, peristaltic movements effectively move the food towards the stomach.
- Sphincter Relaxation: The lower esophageal sphincter (LES) relaxes to allow food to pass into the stomach, where it is further processed.
3. (a) i. Humidity is the amount of moisture or water vapor present in the air.
ii. Three abiotic factors affected by humidity are:
- Temperature: Humidity can influence temperature perception and heat index.
- Water Availability: High humidity increases the likelihood of precipitation and impacts water availability.
- Soil Moisture: Increased humidity can lead to higher soil moisture levels.
3. (b) Effects of various factors on *Spirogyra*:
i. Temperature:
- High Temperature: Can increase metabolic rates and growth but may also lead to enzyme denaturation and decreased viability.
- Low Temperature: Can slow down metabolic processes and growth, potentially leading to dormancy.
ii. Rainfall:
- Increased Rainfall: Can enhance the availability of freshwater and nutrients, promoting growth.
- Decreased Rainfall: Can reduce nutrient availability and lower water levels, limiting growth.
iii. Light Intensity:
- High Light Intensity: Promotes photosynthesis and growth.
- Low Light Intensity: Reduces photosynthesis, slowing growth and reproduction.
iv. pH:
- Acidic pH: Can inhibit growth and damage cellular structures.
- Basic pH: Can also negatively affect growth and function, though some species may tolerate slightly alkaline conditions.
- Ingestion of Food: Both *Paramecium* and humans ingest food to obtain nutrients.
- Digestion: Both processes involve breaking down food into smaller, absorbable molecules.
- Enzymatic Action: Both utilize enzymes to digest food, though in different ways (intracellular in *Paramecium* and extracellular in humans).
- Absorption of Nutrients: Both absorb nutrients from digested food to support metabolic processes.
Ways in which the feeding habit of *Paramecium* is different from that of humans:
- Mode of Ingestion: *Paramecium* uses a ciliary current to draw food particles into its oral groove, while humans use the mouth to ingest food.
- Digestion Site: *Paramecium* digests food internally within a food vacuole, while humans digest food in the stomach and intestines.
- Type of Food: *Paramecium* primarily consumes small microorganisms and organic particles, whereas humans consume a wide variety of food types.
- Absorption Mechanism: In *Paramecium*, nutrients are absorbed directly from the food vacuole, while in humans, nutrients are absorbed through the intestinal walls into the bloodstream.
2. (c) When a patient lying flat on a hospital bed swallows food, the process involves:
- Peristalsis: The esophagus uses a series of muscle contractions (peristalsis) to push the food downward.
- Gravity Assistance: Although the patient is lying flat, peristaltic movements effectively move the food towards the stomach.
- Sphincter Relaxation: The lower esophageal sphincter (LES) relaxes to allow food to pass into the stomach, where it is further processed.
3. (a) i. Humidity is the amount of moisture or water vapor present in the air.
ii. Three abiotic factors affected by humidity are:
- Temperature: Humidity can influence temperature perception and heat index.
- Water Availability: High humidity increases the likelihood of precipitation and impacts water availability.
- Soil Moisture: Increased humidity can lead to higher soil moisture levels.
3. (b) Effects of various factors on *Spirogyra*:
i. Temperature:
- High Temperature: Can increase metabolic rates and growth but may also lead to enzyme denaturation and decreased viability.
- Low Temperature: Can slow down metabolic processes and growth, potentially leading to dormancy.
ii. Rainfall:
- Increased Rainfall: Can enhance the availability of freshwater and nutrients, promoting growth.
- Decreased Rainfall: Can reduce nutrient availability and lower water levels, limiting growth.
iii. Light Intensity:
- High Light Intensity: Promotes photosynthesis and growth.
- Low Light Intensity: Reduces photosynthesis, slowing growth and reproduction.
iv. pH:
- Acidic pH: Can inhibit growth and damage cellular structures.
- Basic pH: Can also negatively affect growth and function, though some species may tolerate slightly alkaline conditions.
3. (c) Natural selection is a process in which individuals with advantageous traits that improve their chances of survival and reproduction are more likely to pass those traits to the next generation. The steps involved are:
- Variation: Within a population, individuals exhibit variation in traits due to genetic differences.
- Selection Pressure: Environmental factors impose pressures that favor certain traits over others.
- Differential Survival and Reproduction: Individuals with traits better suited to the environment are more likely to survive and reproduce.
- Inheritance: The advantageous traits are inherited by offspring, leading to an increase in the frequency of these traits in the population over generations.
3. (d) Causative organisms for the following diseases:
- Cholera: *Vibrio cholerae*
- Measles: *Measles virus*
- Malaria: *Plasmodium* species (e.g., *Plasmodium falciparum*, *Plasmodium vivax*)
4. (a) Two causes of diseases in humans:
- Pathogens: Microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites that invade the body and cause illness.
- Genetic Mutations: Inherited or spontaneous changes in genes that can lead to genetic disorders or predispose individuals to certain diseases.
4. (b) i. Blood Components and Functions:
| Blood Component | One Function |
|-----------------|--------------|
| White Blood Cells (Leukocytes) | Combat infections by identifying and destroying pathogens. |
| Antibodies | Neutralize or mark pathogens for destruction by other immune cells. |
ii. Distinction between Antibodies and Antigens:
- Antibodies: Proteins produced by the immune system (specifically by B cells) that recognize and bind to specific antigens to neutralize or mark them for destruction.
- Antigens: Foreign molecules, typically found on the surface of pathogens, that trigger an immune response by being recognized as harmful by the immune system.
- Variation: Within a population, individuals exhibit variation in traits due to genetic differences.
- Selection Pressure: Environmental factors impose pressures that favor certain traits over others.
- Differential Survival and Reproduction: Individuals with traits better suited to the environment are more likely to survive and reproduce.
- Inheritance: The advantageous traits are inherited by offspring, leading to an increase in the frequency of these traits in the population over generations.
3. (d) Causative organisms for the following diseases:
- Cholera: *Vibrio cholerae*
- Measles: *Measles virus*
- Malaria: *Plasmodium* species (e.g., *Plasmodium falciparum*, *Plasmodium vivax*)
4. (a) Two causes of diseases in humans:
- Pathogens: Microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites that invade the body and cause illness.
- Genetic Mutations: Inherited or spontaneous changes in genes that can lead to genetic disorders or predispose individuals to certain diseases.
4. (b) i. Blood Components and Functions:
| Blood Component | One Function |
|-----------------|--------------|
| White Blood Cells (Leukocytes) | Combat infections by identifying and destroying pathogens. |
| Antibodies | Neutralize or mark pathogens for destruction by other immune cells. |
ii. Distinction between Antibodies and Antigens:
- Antibodies: Proteins produced by the immune system (specifically by B cells) that recognize and bind to specific antigens to neutralize or mark them for destruction.
- Antigens: Foreign molecules, typically found on the surface of pathogens, that trigger an immune response by being recognized as harmful by the immune system.
Biology (Objective) - WASSCE 2024.pdf
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Wassce Biology (Objective) actual papers.
Note: WASSCE objectives are now serialised based on each region.
Do not copy any objective solution you see online.
Solutions✅
Note: WASSCE objectives are now serialised based on each region.
Do not copy any objective solution you see online.
Solutions✅
Certainly! Here’s a detailed exploration of each question:
### 1. Ways Citizens Can Register Their Displeasure with Government in a Democratic System
1. Voting in Elections: Citizens can express their dissatisfaction by voting against incumbents or political parties in elections, thereby influencing the political landscape and policy direction.
2. Petitions and Protests: Organizing or participating in petitions and peaceful protests allows citizens to publicly voice their concerns and demand changes or action on specific issues.
3. Engaging with Media: Utilizing media platforms, including social media, to criticize government policies or actions helps raise public awareness and puts pressure on elected officials to address grievances.
4. Participating in Public Forums: Attending town hall meetings, public hearings, or community forums provides a platform for citizens to express their views directly to policymakers and government officials.
5. Engaging in Advocacy and Lobbying: Joining or supporting advocacy groups or lobbyists who represent specific causes can amplify individual voices and work towards influencing government decisions and policies.
### 2. Positioning a Public Corporation to Serve Its Purpose in Ghana
1. Clear Mandate and Objectives: The public corporation should have a well-defined mandate and set of objectives to guide its operations effectively. This clarity helps in aligning its activities with its intended purpose.
2. Efficient Management and Governance: Implementing strong management practices and governance structures ensures accountability, transparency, and effective use of resources. This includes setting up a competent board of directors and adhering to best practices in corporate governance.
3. Adequate Funding and Resources: Ensuring that the corporation has sufficient financial resources and infrastructure is crucial for fulfilling its mandate. This might involve securing adequate budget allocations and investments.
4. Regular Monitoring and Evaluation: Conducting periodic reviews and evaluations of the corporation’s performance helps in assessing whether it is meeting its objectives and identifying areas for improvement.
5. Stakeholder Engagement: Actively engaging with stakeholders, including the public, government agencies, and private sector partners, ensures that the corporation’s activities align with broader societal needs and expectations.
### 3. Electoral Process
#### (a) What is the Electoral Process? [3 marks]
The electoral process refers to the series of steps involved in selecting representatives or leaders through elections. This process includes the preparation and organization of elections, voting, and the counting and announcement of results. It encompasses activities like voter registration, campaigning, and the actual act of voting.
#### (b) Reasons for the Importance of the Electoral Process in a Democratic System [12 marks]
1. Legitimacy of Government: Elections provide a legitimate basis for government authority by reflecting the will of the people, ensuring that elected officials have a mandate to govern.
2. Representation: The electoral process allows citizens to choose their representatives, ensuring that different segments of society have a voice in government and that diverse interests are considered in policymaking.
3. Accountability: Regular elections hold elected officials accountable to the public. If officials fail to meet their constituents' expectations, they can be voted out of office, promoting responsible governance.
4. Peaceful Transition of Power: Elections facilitate a peaceful transition of power by providing a structured and orderly method for changing leaders and avoiding conflicts and violence associated with power struggles.
### 1. Ways Citizens Can Register Their Displeasure with Government in a Democratic System
1. Voting in Elections: Citizens can express their dissatisfaction by voting against incumbents or political parties in elections, thereby influencing the political landscape and policy direction.
2. Petitions and Protests: Organizing or participating in petitions and peaceful protests allows citizens to publicly voice their concerns and demand changes or action on specific issues.
3. Engaging with Media: Utilizing media platforms, including social media, to criticize government policies or actions helps raise public awareness and puts pressure on elected officials to address grievances.
4. Participating in Public Forums: Attending town hall meetings, public hearings, or community forums provides a platform for citizens to express their views directly to policymakers and government officials.
5. Engaging in Advocacy and Lobbying: Joining or supporting advocacy groups or lobbyists who represent specific causes can amplify individual voices and work towards influencing government decisions and policies.
### 2. Positioning a Public Corporation to Serve Its Purpose in Ghana
1. Clear Mandate and Objectives: The public corporation should have a well-defined mandate and set of objectives to guide its operations effectively. This clarity helps in aligning its activities with its intended purpose.
2. Efficient Management and Governance: Implementing strong management practices and governance structures ensures accountability, transparency, and effective use of resources. This includes setting up a competent board of directors and adhering to best practices in corporate governance.
3. Adequate Funding and Resources: Ensuring that the corporation has sufficient financial resources and infrastructure is crucial for fulfilling its mandate. This might involve securing adequate budget allocations and investments.
4. Regular Monitoring and Evaluation: Conducting periodic reviews and evaluations of the corporation’s performance helps in assessing whether it is meeting its objectives and identifying areas for improvement.
5. Stakeholder Engagement: Actively engaging with stakeholders, including the public, government agencies, and private sector partners, ensures that the corporation’s activities align with broader societal needs and expectations.
### 3. Electoral Process
#### (a) What is the Electoral Process? [3 marks]
The electoral process refers to the series of steps involved in selecting representatives or leaders through elections. This process includes the preparation and organization of elections, voting, and the counting and announcement of results. It encompasses activities like voter registration, campaigning, and the actual act of voting.
#### (b) Reasons for the Importance of the Electoral Process in a Democratic System [12 marks]
1. Legitimacy of Government: Elections provide a legitimate basis for government authority by reflecting the will of the people, ensuring that elected officials have a mandate to govern.
2. Representation: The electoral process allows citizens to choose their representatives, ensuring that different segments of society have a voice in government and that diverse interests are considered in policymaking.
3. Accountability: Regular elections hold elected officials accountable to the public. If officials fail to meet their constituents' expectations, they can be voted out of office, promoting responsible governance.
4. Peaceful Transition of Power: Elections facilitate a peaceful transition of power by providing a structured and orderly method for changing leaders and avoiding conflicts and violence associated with power struggles.
Q4. Importance of Political Socialization by the National Commission for Civic Education (NCCE)1. Enhancing Civic Awareness: Political socialization educates citizens about their rights and responsibilities, promoting informed participation in democratic processes and fostering a deeper understanding of government functions.
2. Strengthening Democracy: By teaching citizens about democratic values and practices, the NCCE helps to reinforce democratic norms and encourage active and responsible participation in civic life.
3. Promoting National Unity: Political socialization can foster a sense of national identity and unity by educating citizens about shared values and the importance of collective civic duties.
4. Reducing Electoral Malpractices: Educating voters about the electoral process, their rights, and the importance of fair elections helps in reducing electoral fraud and improving the integrity of the electoral system.
5. Empowering Youth: Focusing on political socialization among youth prepares them to become active and engaged citizens, contributing to a more informed and participatory future electorate.
### 5. Consequences of Judiciary Failure in Democracy
1. Erosion of Rule of Law: When the judiciary fails, it undermines the rule of law, leading to a lack of legal certainty and fairness in the application of laws, which can erode trust in legal institutions.
2. Loss of Public Confidence: Judiciary failure can result in a loss of public confidence in the justice system, making citizens less likely to rely on legal remedies and increasing the potential for social unrest.
3. Unchecked Abuse of Power: Without an effective judiciary, there is a risk of unchecked abuse of power by other branches of government or officials, which can lead to authoritarianism and corruption.
4. Injustice and Inequality: Failure in the judiciary can result in unjust rulings and unequal treatment of individuals, leading to discrimination and a lack of protection for marginalized groups.
5. Impairment of Democracy: A functioning judiciary is crucial for the checks and balances system in a democracy. Its failure can weaken democratic institutions, disrupt the balance of power, and hinder democratic governance.
2. Strengthening Democracy: By teaching citizens about democratic values and practices, the NCCE helps to reinforce democratic norms and encourage active and responsible participation in civic life.
3. Promoting National Unity: Political socialization can foster a sense of national identity and unity by educating citizens about shared values and the importance of collective civic duties.
4. Reducing Electoral Malpractices: Educating voters about the electoral process, their rights, and the importance of fair elections helps in reducing electoral fraud and improving the integrity of the electoral system.
5. Empowering Youth: Focusing on political socialization among youth prepares them to become active and engaged citizens, contributing to a more informed and participatory future electorate.
### 5. Consequences of Judiciary Failure in Democracy
1. Erosion of Rule of Law: When the judiciary fails, it undermines the rule of law, leading to a lack of legal certainty and fairness in the application of laws, which can erode trust in legal institutions.
2. Loss of Public Confidence: Judiciary failure can result in a loss of public confidence in the justice system, making citizens less likely to rely on legal remedies and increasing the potential for social unrest.
3. Unchecked Abuse of Power: Without an effective judiciary, there is a risk of unchecked abuse of power by other branches of government or officials, which can lead to authoritarianism and corruption.
4. Injustice and Inequality: Failure in the judiciary can result in unjust rulings and unequal treatment of individuals, leading to discrimination and a lack of protection for marginalized groups.
5. Impairment of Democracy: A functioning judiciary is crucial for the checks and balances system in a democracy. Its failure can weaken democratic institutions, disrupt the balance of power, and hinder democratic governance.
### 6. Ways Diplomatic Missions Can Attract Investment and Development for Their Home Countries
1. Promoting Trade and Investment Opportunities: Diplomatic missions can organize trade fairs, investment seminars, and business matchmaking events to showcase their home country’s investment opportunities and attract foreign investors.
2. Facilitating Business Connections: By acting as intermediaries, diplomatic missions can connect foreign investors with local businesses and government officials, creating networking opportunities that lead to potential investments.
3. Providing Market Information: Diplomatic missions can offer valuable market insights, reports, and data about the economic environment, regulatory framework, and business climate of their home country to prospective investors.
4. Supporting Investment Projects: They can assist investors by providing information on local regulations, facilitating permits, and helping navigate bureaucratic processes, thereby making investment projects smoother and more attractive.
5. Promoting Economic Policies and Reforms: Diplomatic missions can highlight favorable economic policies, reforms, and incentives implemented by their home country to attract investment and demonstrate the country’s commitment to a favorable business environment.
### 7. Relevance of the Economic Community for West African States (ECOWAS)
1. Regional Integration: ECOWAS promotes economic integration among West African countries, fostering trade, investment, and economic cooperation, which helps to create a larger and more cohesive regional market.
2. Conflict Resolution: ECOWAS plays a crucial role in maintaining regional stability and peace through its conflict prevention and resolution mechanisms, such as peacekeeping missions and diplomatic interventions.
3. Economic Development: The organization works on regional development projects, such as infrastructure development and energy projects, which contribute to the overall economic growth of the member states.
4. Collective Bargaining Power: ECOWAS provides member states with a collective voice in international forums and negotiations, enhancing their ability to influence global policies and agreements that affect the region.
5. Humanitarian Assistance: ECOWAS facilitates coordinated responses to humanitarian crises and natural disasters, providing support and resources to affected countries and populations.
### 8. Low Points in Nkrumah’s Administration Leading to Overthrow
1. Authoritarian Rule: Nkrumah's increasing concentration of power in the executive branch, along with the suppression of political opposition and dissent, alienated various political and military groups.
2. Economic Mismanagement: Poor economic policies and mismanagement led to economic instability, inflation, and a growing debt crisis, which eroded public support and created dissatisfaction among the populace.
3. Involvement in Pan-Africanism: Nkrumah's focus on pan-African projects and his involvement in external affairs diverted resources and attention from domestic issues, leading to neglect in addressing local economic and social problems.
4. Security Forces’ Discontent: The expansion of the security apparatus and the creation of a secret police force, which was perceived as oppressive, led to unrest and dissatisfaction within the military and police ranks.
5. Failed Industrialization Projects: Nkrumah’s ambitious industrialization and modernization projects often resulted in unfulfilled promises and underperforming state enterprises, further aggravating economic problems and leading to a loss of confidence in his leadership.
### 9. Significant Contributions of the Clifford Constitution of 1916
1. Introduction of Limited Self-Government: The Clifford Constitution marked a significant step towards self-governance by introducing elective principles in the legislative council, allowing for some degree of local representation.
1. Promoting Trade and Investment Opportunities: Diplomatic missions can organize trade fairs, investment seminars, and business matchmaking events to showcase their home country’s investment opportunities and attract foreign investors.
2. Facilitating Business Connections: By acting as intermediaries, diplomatic missions can connect foreign investors with local businesses and government officials, creating networking opportunities that lead to potential investments.
3. Providing Market Information: Diplomatic missions can offer valuable market insights, reports, and data about the economic environment, regulatory framework, and business climate of their home country to prospective investors.
4. Supporting Investment Projects: They can assist investors by providing information on local regulations, facilitating permits, and helping navigate bureaucratic processes, thereby making investment projects smoother and more attractive.
5. Promoting Economic Policies and Reforms: Diplomatic missions can highlight favorable economic policies, reforms, and incentives implemented by their home country to attract investment and demonstrate the country’s commitment to a favorable business environment.
### 7. Relevance of the Economic Community for West African States (ECOWAS)
1. Regional Integration: ECOWAS promotes economic integration among West African countries, fostering trade, investment, and economic cooperation, which helps to create a larger and more cohesive regional market.
2. Conflict Resolution: ECOWAS plays a crucial role in maintaining regional stability and peace through its conflict prevention and resolution mechanisms, such as peacekeeping missions and diplomatic interventions.
3. Economic Development: The organization works on regional development projects, such as infrastructure development and energy projects, which contribute to the overall economic growth of the member states.
4. Collective Bargaining Power: ECOWAS provides member states with a collective voice in international forums and negotiations, enhancing their ability to influence global policies and agreements that affect the region.
5. Humanitarian Assistance: ECOWAS facilitates coordinated responses to humanitarian crises and natural disasters, providing support and resources to affected countries and populations.
### 8. Low Points in Nkrumah’s Administration Leading to Overthrow
1. Authoritarian Rule: Nkrumah's increasing concentration of power in the executive branch, along with the suppression of political opposition and dissent, alienated various political and military groups.
2. Economic Mismanagement: Poor economic policies and mismanagement led to economic instability, inflation, and a growing debt crisis, which eroded public support and created dissatisfaction among the populace.
3. Involvement in Pan-Africanism: Nkrumah's focus on pan-African projects and his involvement in external affairs diverted resources and attention from domestic issues, leading to neglect in addressing local economic and social problems.
4. Security Forces’ Discontent: The expansion of the security apparatus and the creation of a secret police force, which was perceived as oppressive, led to unrest and dissatisfaction within the military and police ranks.
5. Failed Industrialization Projects: Nkrumah’s ambitious industrialization and modernization projects often resulted in unfulfilled promises and underperforming state enterprises, further aggravating economic problems and leading to a loss of confidence in his leadership.
### 9. Significant Contributions of the Clifford Constitution of 1916
1. Introduction of Limited Self-Government: The Clifford Constitution marked a significant step towards self-governance by introducing elective principles in the legislative council, allowing for some degree of local representation.