Way to go. Congratulations.
Colonial legacy is gradually giving way to a new legacy.

#women #essay #postindependence
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Q151.
Pointers:
• Chipko Movement (1970s): Contributions: Women played a pivotal role in hugging trees to prevent deforestation in Uttarakhand. Their activism brought international attention to environmental issues. Gaura Devi, a prominent figure, led women in the Chipko Movement.
• Narmada Bachao Andolan (1985-2017): Medha Patkar and other women activists protested against large dams and displacement of local communities along the Narmada River. Medha Patkar's leadership led to significant awareness and policy changes.
• Appiko Movement (1983-1989): In Karnataka, women like Panduranga Hegde mobilized against deforestation and commercial logging. Panduranga Hegde's dedication to environmental conservation inspired many.
Challenges Faced by Women in Environmental Movements:
• Societal Norms: Women often faced resistance due to traditional gender roles that expected them to prioritize family over activism.
• Violence and Harassment: Female activists sometimes faced physical violence and harassment, making it challenging to continue their work.
• Limited Leadership Roles: Women often held support roles rather than leadership positions in environmental movements, limiting their influence.
• Lack of Recognition: Women's contributions were frequently overlooked or underrepresented in historical accounts and media coverage.
• Resource Constraints: Many women activists lacked financial and institutional support, making it difficult to sustain their efforts.
• Political Opposition: Some women faced opposition from politicians and vested interests who viewed their activism as a threat to economic development.

#Postindependence #MainsAnswerWriting
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Child showing the writing
(2nd c. BCE, Sugh, Haryana)

This terracotta piece from Haryana is unique and special because we rarely find objects where there is an evidence of writing. Except Ashokan edicts, we hardly get to look at the writing specially of common people. This piece is of a child sitting with his wooden writing board (takhti) showing off the letters of early Brahmi script. The child is wearing a few ornaments and the floor is bedecked with various flower motifs: a typical feature of Shunga art.

Image: National Museum, New Delhi
#sculpture #postmauryan #shunga #terracotta #script #writing

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SAMAT SARNAY MANDIR, AMBIKAPUR, CHHATTISGARH

The doorway is guarded by the river goddesses Ganga and Yamuna on either side of the threshold. Goddess Ganga stands on Makara while Yamuna stands on the turtle.

The temple was probably that of Goddess Laxmi and the vegetative carving on the outer branch of the doorway places it at 9th-10th century CE.

#temple #architecture
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Q152. Discuss the key challenges faced by tribal communities, and the role of tribal movements in advocating for their rights and socio-economic development.

#Postindependence #MainsAnswerWriting
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Q152.
Pointers:
Key Challenges Faced by Tribal Communities:
• Land Displacement and Dispossession: Tribal communities often face forced displacement from their ancestral lands due to infrastructure projects, mining, and industrialization, resulting in the loss of livelihoods and cultural disruption. The Narmada Bachao Andolan, led by Medha Patkar, protested the construction of dams along the Narmada River, highlighting the displacement issues faced by tribal communities in the region.
• Limited Access to Education and Healthcare: Tribal areas frequently lack adequate access to quality education and healthcare services, leading to lower literacy rates and poor health outcomes among tribal populations.
• Poverty and Marginalization: High levels of poverty and economic marginalization persist among tribal populations, with limited access to income-generating opportunities and basic amenities.
• Cultural Erosion: Globalization, urbanization, and exposure to mainstream cultures have led to the erosion of traditional tribal cultures, languages, and customs.
• Lack of Political Representation: Historically, tribal communities have been underrepresented in political institutions, limiting their ability to influence policies that affect them.

Role of Tribal Movements in Advocating for Their Rights and Socio-Economic Development:

Advocacy for Land Rights:
• Tribal movements have actively advocated for land rights and the recognition of community forest rights through legal frameworks like the Forest Rights Act (2006).
• The Chipko Movement in Uttarakhand, led by Gaura Devi and other women, involved hugging trees to prevent deforestation and protect the rights of tribal and local communities.
Political Empowerment:
• Tribal movements have led to increased political representation of tribal communities, with the emergence of leaders who prioritize tribal concerns.
• The political success of tribal leaders like K. R. Narayanan, who served as the President of India, and tribal parties like the Adivasi Vikas Parishad in Assam.
Awareness and Mobilization:
• Tribal movements have raised awareness about the rights and issues facing tribal communities, mobilizing them to assert their rights and demand socio-economic development.
• The Adivasi Ekta Parishad's efforts to organize mass rallies and protests to draw attention to tribal land rights and socio-economic challenges.
Economic Development Initiatives:
• Some tribal movements have initiated economic development projects to improve the socio-economic conditions of their communities.
• The Irula Tribal Women's Welfare Society in Tamil Nadu promotes sustainable livelihoods by engaging women in handicrafts and eco-tourism activities.
Collaboration with NGOs and Civil Society:
• Tribal movements often collaborate with NGOs and civil society groups to access resources, knowledge, and advocacy support.
• Collaborations between tribal organizations and organizations like Action Aid, which work on various development projects and provide legal aid to tribal communities.

#Postindependence #MainsAnswerWriting

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Originating from Rajasthan, the Kalbelia community is known for their melodic musical performances. Once skilled snake handlers, the community now celebrates their former occupation through music and dance.

These songs and dances are not just a matter of pride, but also a precious marker of their unique identity, as they navigate a changing world. It was inscribed on the UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity in 2010.

#dance #folk #unesco #intangible
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This delightful video from Kerala reminded me of a painting of a man, full of compassionate eyes, entering a pond with lotus flowers, in a Jain cave called Sittanavasal from Tamil Nadu.

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Tiruvannamalai, where the light never goes to sleep. A magical sunrise at Arunachala temple.

The 7th-century Nayanar saints Sambandar and Appar wrote of the temple in Tevaram.

Sekkizhar, the author of the Periyapuranam, wrote that both Appar and Sambandar worshiped Arunachalesvara in the temple.

#dravida #temple #architecture #south #bhakti #literature #tamil
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#Vedic #manuscript #religion #literature #Sanskrit
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bGQ8rJtynjI

This is the second part of the Enlightenment lecture.
For watching the first part, click here.

#world #enlightenment
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https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLXKNhxEsVhFuD2FPt1F-EvVq7NNz3dmLS

Ethics case studies discussed by Vishwa sir, (IA&AS, 2013).

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#museum #heritage #culture
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Malinitai Rajurkar passed away today. The queen of tappa-gayaki is no more. Had heard tappa-s for the first time in 2004-05 in Pune and since then enraptured... Indeed a sad moment for all lovers of music.

Her body is donated to Osmania Medical College. Antyadarshan at her residence in Hyderabad today from 5.30 to 6.30. Om Shanti.

You can listen two of her world-famous tappa-s here.
Tappa 1: https://youtu.be/dRQ5s1koDzg?si=rKHPVjB9m2dZRZFl

Tappa 2: https://youtu.be/TArxPUYc4DA?si=QuSORUNo_78KHl5J

#classical #music #hindustani
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#India #bharat
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#India #bharat
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#india #bharat
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https://youtu.be/8bCNG6LQPPw?si=T_UKtsJ-G6B4iiDU

#modern #colonial #administration #acts
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