https://scroll.in/article/1052514/art-fame-and-fortune-the-east-india-companys-lucrative-visual-affair-with-india

#painting #modern #colonial
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Q147. Discuss the immediate challenges faced by India as a nation after independence. How did these challenges influence the nation's priorities and policy decisions?

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https://youtu.be/ig-GEmrNJ5E?si=LgEQBLhotupYHnV1

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Q147.
Pointers:
Immediate challenges faced by India after independence
• Partition and Communal Violence: The partition led to mass migration and communal violence. The violence during partition resulted in loss of life and displacement.
• Economic Disruption: The economy was shattered due to World War II and colonial exploitation. High inflation and food shortages posed immediate economic challenges.
• Poverty and Unemployment: India inherited high poverty rates and lack of industrialization. Majority of the population relied on agriculture, leading to limited employment opportunities.
• Agricultural Backwardness: Outdated agricultural practices and low productivity. Green Revolution introduced to enhance agricultural output.
• Social Inequalities: Caste-based discrimination and unequal distribution of resources. Reservation policies aimed at upliftment of marginalized communities.
• Illiteracy and Education Gap: Low literacy rates and inadequate access to quality education. Establishment of the Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs) to promote technical education.
• Healthcare Challenges: Poor healthcare infrastructure and high disease prevalence.
• Political Integration: Country faced problem regarding integration of princely states like Travancore, Hyderabad and Kashmir, which eventually acceded to India. Sardar Patel's efforts in integrating over 500 princely states into India.
• Foreign Policy Complexities: Building diplomatic relations and addressing border disputes. Sino-Indian War of 1962 highlighted the need for robust foreign policies.
Influence on Priorities and Policy Decisions:
• Social Justice Focus: The challenges of inequality led to prioritizing social justice through reservations and affirmative action policies.
• Economic Self-Reliance: Economic challenges led to a focus on self-reliance, leading to policies like import substitution industrialization.
• Agricultural Transformation: The need for food security influenced the Green Revolution and modernization of agriculture.
• Education and Human Capital: Recognizing education's role, policies were directed towards building a skilled workforce.
• Secularism and Pluralism: Communal challenges reinforced the commitment to secularism and religious pluralism.
• Persistence of Challenges: While progress has been made, challenges like poverty, illiteracy, and healthcare gaps persist. Communal tensions continue to emerge intermittently. Income inequality remains an issue despite development strides.

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Q148.To what extent formation of linguistic states strengthened the cause of Indian unity?
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On this day in 1965, in an incredible attack deep inside Pak-held territory, Indian Army units captured the Haji Pir pass. Respects to the soldiers & officers involved and their families.

For the story:
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Haji_Pir_Pass_(1965)

It was one of the most strategic locations which would have stopped future infiltration of terrorists. But Indian politicians returned it to Pakistan in Tashkent peace, which has been lamented in sections of Indian defence establishment ever since.

https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/comment/return-of-haji-pir-still-haunts-us-287239

#war #battle #postindependence

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Q148.
Pointers:
The formation of linguistic states in India contributed to the strengthening of Indian unity to a significant extent by:
• Cultural Identity and Representation: Linguistic states recognized and respected the diverse linguistic and cultural identities of different regions. People felt a stronger sense of belonging and identification with their own language and culture.
• Political Empowerment: Linguistic states empowered local communities to participate actively in governance and decision-making. People could elect leaders who understood their language and concerns, fostering a deeper connection between the government and the governed.
• Language Promotion and Education: Linguistic states facilitated the development of educational materials and institutions in regional languages. Literacy rates improved as education became more accessible and relatable to local populations.
• Social Inclusivity: Linguistic states accommodated linguistic minorities and promoted inclusivity by recognizing and protecting their linguistic rights. This approach countered linguistic marginalization and bolstered a sense of unity among diverse linguistic groups.
• Economic Development: Linguistic states facilitated targeted development policies tailored to the specific needs of each region. States could focus on industries and sectors aligned with their strengths, leading to more balanced economic growth.
• Unity in Diversity Narrative: The coexistence of linguistic states within the Indian Union highlighted the country's commitment to unity in diversity. It demonstrated that despite linguistic, cultural, and regional differences, India could remain united under a democratic and federal framework.
• Reduced Conflict: The creation of linguistic states helped address regional grievances and demands, reducing the likelihood of secessionist movements. It provided a mechanism for resolving historical disputes over language and territory.

The linguistic formation of states in India after independence brought about significant positive changes, but it also posed several challenges to unity of India like:
• Regionalism & Identity: Heightened regionalism, demands for autonomy or secession based on language, like Gorkhaland movement.
• Resource Disputes: Conflicts over resources, e.g., Cauvery River water-sharing issue between Karnataka and Tamil Nadu.
• Language Clashes: Tensions arise within states between linguistic communities, e.g., Marathi-Migrant conflict in Maharashtra.
• Ethnic Diversity: Multiple cultures in linguistic states pose challenges, as in Assam with Assamese dominance.
• Border Disputes: Territorial conflicts post-linguistic reorganization, e.g., Maharashtra-Karnataka's Belgaum dispute.

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Q149. Discuss the various policy measures and legislative initiatives undertaken by the government to address agrarian inequalities and enhance agricultural productivity after independence in India.

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Q149
Pointers:
• Abolition of Zamindari: Its objective was to eliminate exploitative zamindari system, transfer land ownership to actual tillers. Bihar Land Reforms Act, 1950, led to the abolition of intermediaries and redistribution of land to peasants.
• Tenancy reforms: Protected tenant farmers' rights, prevent landlord exploitation. Kerala Land Reforms Act, 1963, conferred ownership rights to tenants, promoting agricultural investment.
• Ceiling on land holdings: It reduced concentration of land, distribute surplus land to landless peasants. West Bengal Land Reforms Act, 1955, imposed land ceilings, benefiting small landholders.
• Cooperative farming: Its objective was to pool land and resources, increase productivity through collective efforts. Maharashtra Cooperative Societies Act, 1960, promoted formation of farmer cooperatives for better resource utilization.
• Green revolution initiatives: Enhance agricultural productivity through high-yielding crop varieties, irrigation, and modern techniques. Introduction of HYV seeds in Punjab transformed the region into a grain bowl, boosting food production.
• Land consolidation: Reorganized fragmented landholdings, improve agricultural efficiency. Punjab Land Improvement Schemes restructured land parcels, facilitating mechanization and efficient cultivation.
• Land Records Digitization: Objective was to establish transparent land ownership records, reduce disputes.
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Q150. Critically examine the compulsions which prompted India to play a decisive role in the emergence of Bangladesh.

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British had filled the Jagamohan of Konark sun temple with sand and sealed it in 1903 to protect it from collapsing. After 120 years we are trying to remove it.

https://odishatv.in/news/odisha/interior-views-of-konark-sun-temple-surface-as-sand-removal-process-begins--213490

#temple #architecture #ASI

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The painting by Bengal School artist Bhuwan Verma. It beautifully portrays the scene where Sujata is offering a golden bowl to Buddha as her maid stands in reverence on the left. The flowy dreaminess of the painting reminds of Ajanta paintings.

(20th c., Bengal School of Art)
#painting #modern #art #buddha #buddhism #religion

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https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/details-of-many-freedom-fighters-lost-over-the-years-says-palagummi-sainath/article67251738.ece

Indian government had linked freedom fighters’ recognition with monthly pensions, which led to many people who fought for independence being ignored. “A majority of the freedom fighters rejected pension at that time stating that they struggled not for pension but for freedom. Now, the present generation can no longer find those heroes who did not opt for pension as there are no records of them,” Mr. Sainath said.

#independence #modern #freedomfighter #freedom

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Q150
Pointers:
• Humanitarian Concerns: The widespread atrocities and human rights violations carried out by the Pakistani military in East Pakistan (now Bangladesh), including the Operation Searchlight in 1971, led to a massive humanitarian crisis. Reports of mass killings, rape, and displacement created international outrage.
• Refugee Crisis: The influx of millions of refugees from East Pakistan into India strained resources and created a humanitarian emergency. The refugee crisis had implications for India's internal stability and socioeconomic fabric.
• Geostrategic Considerations: The emergence of an independent Bangladesh would weaken the territorial integrity of Pakistan, which was seen as favorable to India's security interests. A friendly neighboring country could act as a buffer against potential threats from Pakistan.
• Ethnic and Linguistic Ties: India shared cultural, linguistic, and historical ties with the Bengali population of East Pakistan. These connections created a sense of moral responsibility to support their aspirations for self-determination.
• Global Diplomatic Efforts: India pursued diplomatic channels to garner international support for the cause of Bangladeshi independence. It sought to build a consensus among various nations and at international forums to pressure Pakistan to stop the violence.
• Domestic Political Pressure: Public sentiment within India was strongly in favor of supporting the independence movement in East Pakistan. The government was under pressure to take action that aligned with popular sentiment.
• Leadership and Moral Imperative: The leadership of Prime Minister Indira Gandhi played a pivotal role in shaping India's response. She emphasized the importance of upholding democratic values and human rights, which resonated with the international community.
• Strategic Alliances: India received support from countries like the Soviet Union, which shared India's concerns regarding stability in the region. This diplomatic backing provided India with a certain level of confidence in its actions.
• Preventing Regional Instability: The protracted conflict and turmoil in East Pakistan were affecting regional stability. India's intervention was partly driven by the desire to prevent further destabilization and potential spill-over effects.
• Preventing Genocide: The scale of violence and mass killings in East Pakistan raised concerns of a potential genocide. India's intervention was seen as a measure to prevent further loss of life and ensure the safety of the Bengali population.
• International Legal and Ethical Considerations: India framed its intervention as upholding international norms and principles, such as the Responsibility to Protect (R2P), which emphasizes the duty to prevent and respond to mass atrocities.
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Sriram Tarnikanti IAS 92 is the new Director of LBSNAA, Mussoorie.

Originally from what was known as Manipur-Tripura cadre back then, in 99-97 he was DM of Churanchandpur District, where he handled ethnic clashes very well.

He will be the head of LBSNAA, when you clear the exam this year and join it next year.

Keep the night lamp burning.

#motivation
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Q151. Discuss the significant contributions and challenges faced by women in various environmental movements in post-independence India.

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https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/in-pics-delhis-third-waste-to-art-park-named-shaheedi-park-4345489

#Park #museum

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Formed on September 1, 1942, as the military wing of the Indian Independence League, INA became the most striking & noteworthy embodiment of Pan-Asian resistance against the British.

#todayinhistory #modern #revolutionary #INA #freedommovement

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