Cutaway rendering of a monochrome CRT:
1. Deflection coils
2. Electron beam
3. Focusing coil
4. Phosphor layer on the inner side of the screen; emits light when struck by the electron beam
5. Filament for heating the cathode
6. Graphite layer on the inner side of the tube
7. Rubber or silicone gasket where the anode voltage wire enters the tube (anode cup)
8. Cathode
9. Air-tight glass body of the tube
10. Screen
11. Coils in yoke
12. Control electrode regulating the intensity of the electron beam and thereby the light emitted from the phosphor
13. Contact pins for cathode, filament and control electrode
14. Wire for anode high voltage.
The only visible differences are the single electron gun, the uniform white phosphor coating, and the lack of a shadow mas

In television sets and computer monitors, the entire front area of the tube is scanned repeatedly and systematically in a fixed pattern called a raster. In color devices, an image is produced by controlling the intensity of each of three electron beams, one for each additive primary color (red, green, and blue) with a video signal as a reference.[3] In modern CRT monitors and televisions the beams are bent by magnetic deflection, using a Deflection yoke. Electrostatic deflection is commonly used in oscilloscopes.[3]

Color computer monitor Electron gun

A CRT is a glass envelope which is deep (i.e., long from front screen face to rear end), heavy, and fragile. The interior is evacuated to approximately 0.01 pascals (9.9×10−8 atm)[4] to 133 nanopascals (1.31×10−12 atm),[5] to facilitate the free flight of electrons from the gun(s) to the tube's face without scattering due to collisions with air molecules. As such, handling a CRT carries the risk of violent implosion that can hurl glass at great velocity. The face is typically made of thick lead glass or special barium-strontium glass to be shatter-resistant and to block most X-ray emissions. CRTs make up most of the weight of CRT TVs and computer monitors.[6][7]

Since the late 2000s, CRTs have been superseded by "flat panel" display technologies such as LCD, plasma display, and OLED displays which are cheaper to manufacture and run, as well as significantly lighter and less bulky. Flat-panel displays can also be made in very large sizes whereas 40 in (100 cm) to 45 in (11

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An operational amplifier (often op amp or opamp) is a DC-coupled high-gain electronic voltage amplifier with a differential input and, usually, a single-ended output.[1] In this configuration, an op amp produces an output potential (relative to circuit ground) that is typically 100,000 times larger than the potential difference between its input terminals. Operational amplifiers had their origins in analog computers, where they were used to perform mathematical operations in linear, non-linear, and frequency-dependent circuits.

The popularity of the op amp as a building block in analog circuits is due to its versatility. By using negative feedback, the characteristics of an op-amp circuit, its gain, input and output impedance, bandwidth etc. are determined by external components and have little dependence on temperature coefficients or engineering tolerance in the op amp itself.

Op amps are used widely in electronic devices today, including a vast array of consumer, industrial, and scientific devices. Many standard IC op amps cost only a few cents; however, some integrated or hybrid operational amplifiers with special performance specifications may cost over US$100 in small quantities.[2] Op amps may be packaged as components or used as elements of more complex integrated circuits.

The op amp is one type of differential amplifier. Other types of differential amplifier include the fully differential amplifier (similar to the op amp, but with two outputs), the instrumentation amplifier (usually built from three op amps), the isolation amplifier (similar to the instrumentation amplifier, but with tolerance to common-mode voltages that would destroy an ordinary op amp), and negative-feedback amplifier (usually built from one or more op amps and a resistive feedback network).

1941: A vacuum tube op amp. An op amp, defined as a general-purpose, DC-coupled, high gain, inverting feedback amplifier, is first found in U.S. Patent 2,401,779 "Summing Amplifier" filed by Karl D. Swartzel Jr. of Bell Labs in 1941. This design used three vacuum tubes to achieve a gain of 90 dB and operated on voltage rails of ±350 V. It had a single inverting input rather than differential inverting and non-inverting inputs, as are common in today's op amps. Throughout World War II, Swartzel's design proved its value by being liberally used in the M9 artillery director designed at Bell Labs. This artillery director worked with the SCR584 radar system to achieve extraordinary hit rates (near 90%) that would not have been possible otherwise

1970: First high-speed, low-input current FET design. In the 1970s high speed, low-input current designs started to be made by using FETs. These would be largely replaced by op amps made with MOSFETs in the 1980s

Positive-feedback applications

Schmitt trigger implemented by a non-inverting comparator
Another typical configuration of op-amps is with positive feedback, which takes a fraction of the output signal back to the non-inverting input. An important application of it is the comparator with hysteresis, the Schmitt trigger. Some circuits may use positive feedback and negative feedback around the same amplifier, for example triangle-wave oscillators and active filters.

Because of the wide slew range and lack of positive feedback, the response of all the open-loop level detectors described above will be relatively slow. External overall positive feedback may be applied, but (unlike internal positive feedback that may be applied within the latter stages of a purpose-designed comparator) this markedly affects the accuracy of the zero-crossing detection point. Using a general-purpose op amp, for example, the frequency of Ei for the sine to square wave converter should probably be below 100 Hz.[citation needed]

2. What an Operational Amplifier Can Do
An operational amplifier is not used alone but is designed to be connected to other circuits to perform a great variety of operations. This article provides some typical examples of usage of circuits with operational amplifiers.

●Enables substantial amplification of an input signal
When an operational amplifier is combined with an amplification circuit, it can amplify weak signals to strong signals.It behaves like a megaphone where the input signal is a person’s voice and the megaphone is the operational amplifier circuit.For example, such a circuit can be used to amplify minute sensor signals.
op-amp,image of amplifierProcessing of sensor signals can be further improved by inputting the amplified signal to a microcontroller* unit (MCU).
* Microcontroller… A compact computer for controlling electronic devices. As the brain of electronic devices, MCUs operate according to input signals.

●Enables substantial amplification of an input signal
When an operational amplifier is combined with an amplification circuit, it can amplify weak signals to strong signals.It behaves like a megaphone where the input signal is a person’s voice and the megaphone is the operational amplifier circuit.For example, such a circuit can be used to amplify minute sensor signals.
op-amp,image of amplifierProcessing of sensor signals can be further improved by inputting the amplified signal to a microcontroller* unit (MCU).
* Microcontroller… A compact computer for controlling electronic devices. As the brain of electronic devices, MCUs operate according to input signals.

●Enables elimination of noise from an input signal
By operating as a filter of inpu

3. Operational Amplifier Applications
As noted above, an operational amplifier is almost never used alone. By connecting resistors or capacitors, you can configure a circuit capable of the signal amplification, filtering or arithmetic circuit operations described in “2. What an Operational Amplifier Can Do”.

(1)Internal operational amplifier operations
The following describes the operations performed by the operational amplifier in the circuit. Let’s see how an operational amplifier behaves in an amplifier circuit, taking the example of a non-inverting amplifier circuit.Operational amplifier operation in a non-inverting amplifier circuitIn addition to this simple calculation, the operational amplifier’s performance must also be considered when configuring a circuit. This point is described later in this section under “4. Selecting an Operational Amplifier and Explanation of Terms.”

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