The Metamorphosis
as The Transformation, is a novella by Franz Kafka published in 1915. One of Kafka's best-known works, The Metamorphosis tells the story of salesman Gregor Samsa, who wakes one morning to find himself inexplicably transformed into a huge insect and struggles to adjust to this condition. The novella has been widely discussed among literary critics, who have offered varied interpretations. In popular culture and adaptations of the novella, the insect is commonly depicted as a cockroach.
#Metamorphosis #Kafka #literature
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📝
Gregor Samsa wakes up one morning to find himself transformed into a "monstrous vermin". He initially considers the transformation to be temporary and slowly ponders the consequences of his metamorphosis. Stuck on his back and unable to get up and leave the bed, Gregor reflects on his job as a traveling salesman and cloth merchant, which he characterizes as being full of "temporary and constantly changing human relationships, which never come from the heart". He sees his employer as a despot and would quickly quit his job if he were not his family's sole breadwinner and working off his bankrupt father's debts. While trying to move, Gregor finds that his office manager, the chief clerk, has shown up to check on him, indignant about Gregor's unexcused absence. Gregor attempts to communicate with both the manager and his family, but all they can hear from behind the door is incomprehensible vocalizations. Gregor laboriously drags himself across the floor and opens the door. The clerk, upon seeing the transformed Gregor, flees the apartment. Gregor's family is horrified, and his father drives him back towards his room. Gregor is injured when he tries to force himself through the doorway (which is too narrow for him), but gets unstuck when his father shoves him through.
▫️With Gregor's unexpected transformation, his family is deprived of financial stability. They keep Gregor locked in his room, and he begins to accept his new identity and adapt to his new body. His sister Grete is the only one willing to bring him food, which she finds Gregor only likes if it is rotten. He spends much of his time crawling around on the floor, walls, and ceiling. Upon discovering Gregor's new pastime, Grete decides to remove his furniture to give him more space. She and her mother begin to empty the room of everything, except the sofa under which Gregor hides whenever anyone comes in. He finds their actions deeply distressing, fearing that he might forget his past as a human, and desperately tries to save a particularly loved portrait on the wall of a woman clad in fur. His mother loses consciousness at the sight of him clinging to the image to protect it. When Grete rushes out of the room to get some aromatic spirits, Gregor follows her and is slightly hurt when she drops a medicine bottle and it breaks. Their father returns home and angrily hurls apples at Gregor, one of which becomes lodged in a sensitive spot in his back and severely wounds him.
▫️Gregor suffers from his injuries and eats very little. His father, mother, and sister all get jobs and increasingly begin to neglect him, and his room begins to be used for storage. For a time, his family leaves Gregor's door open in the evenings so he can listen to them talk to each other, but this happens less frequently once they rent a room in the apartment to three male tenants, since they are not told about Gregor. One day, the charwoman, who briefly looks in on Gregor each day when she arrives and before she leaves, neglects to close his door fully. Attracted by Grete's violin-playing in the living room, Gregor crawls out and is spotted by the unsuspecting tenants, who complain about the apartment's unhygienic conditions and say they are leaving, will not pay anything for the time they have already stayed, and may take legal action. Grete, who is tired of taking care of Gregor and realizes the burden his existence puts on each member of the family, tells her parents they must get rid of "it" or they will all be ruined. Gregor, understanding that he is no longer wanted, laboriously makes his way back to his room and dies of starvation before sunrise. His body is discovered by the charwoman, who alerts his family and then disposes of the corpse. The relieved and optimistic father, mother, and sister all take the day off work. They travel by tram into the countryside and make plans to move to a smaller apartment to save money. During the short trip, Mr. and Mrs.
plot summary:
Gregor Samsa wakes up one morning to find himself transformed into a "monstrous vermin". He initially considers the transformation to be temporary and slowly ponders the consequences of his metamorphosis. Stuck on his back and unable to get up and leave the bed, Gregor reflects on his job as a traveling salesman and cloth merchant, which he characterizes as being full of "temporary and constantly changing human relationships, which never come from the heart". He sees his employer as a despot and would quickly quit his job if he were not his family's sole breadwinner and working off his bankrupt father's debts. While trying to move, Gregor finds that his office manager, the chief clerk, has shown up to check on him, indignant about Gregor's unexcused absence. Gregor attempts to communicate with both the manager and his family, but all they can hear from behind the door is incomprehensible vocalizations. Gregor laboriously drags himself across the floor and opens the door. The clerk, upon seeing the transformed Gregor, flees the apartment. Gregor's family is horrified, and his father drives him back towards his room. Gregor is injured when he tries to force himself through the doorway (which is too narrow for him), but gets unstuck when his father shoves him through.
▫️With Gregor's unexpected transformation, his family is deprived of financial stability. They keep Gregor locked in his room, and he begins to accept his new identity and adapt to his new body. His sister Grete is the only one willing to bring him food, which she finds Gregor only likes if it is rotten. He spends much of his time crawling around on the floor, walls, and ceiling. Upon discovering Gregor's new pastime, Grete decides to remove his furniture to give him more space. She and her mother begin to empty the room of everything, except the sofa under which Gregor hides whenever anyone comes in. He finds their actions deeply distressing, fearing that he might forget his past as a human, and desperately tries to save a particularly loved portrait on the wall of a woman clad in fur. His mother loses consciousness at the sight of him clinging to the image to protect it. When Grete rushes out of the room to get some aromatic spirits, Gregor follows her and is slightly hurt when she drops a medicine bottle and it breaks. Their father returns home and angrily hurls apples at Gregor, one of which becomes lodged in a sensitive spot in his back and severely wounds him.
▫️Gregor suffers from his injuries and eats very little. His father, mother, and sister all get jobs and increasingly begin to neglect him, and his room begins to be used for storage. For a time, his family leaves Gregor's door open in the evenings so he can listen to them talk to each other, but this happens less frequently once they rent a room in the apartment to three male tenants, since they are not told about Gregor. One day, the charwoman, who briefly looks in on Gregor each day when she arrives and before she leaves, neglects to close his door fully. Attracted by Grete's violin-playing in the living room, Gregor crawls out and is spotted by the unsuspecting tenants, who complain about the apartment's unhygienic conditions and say they are leaving, will not pay anything for the time they have already stayed, and may take legal action. Grete, who is tired of taking care of Gregor and realizes the burden his existence puts on each member of the family, tells her parents they must get rid of "it" or they will all be ruined. Gregor, understanding that he is no longer wanted, laboriously makes his way back to his room and dies of starvation before sunrise. His body is discovered by the charwoman, who alerts his family and then disposes of the corpse. The relieved and optimistic father, mother, and sister all take the day off work. They travel by tram into the countryside and make plans to move to a smaller apartment to save money. During the short trip, Mr. and Mrs.
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Samsa realize that, despite the hardships that have brought some paleness to her face, Grete has grown up into a pretty young lady with a good figure and they think about finding her a husband.
▫️Franz Kafka's The Metamorphosis explores the degradation and transformative power of alienation. As its protagonist, Gregor Samsa, experiences personal alienation from the people he has cared for and served, he is transformed, losing himself altogether.
#summary #englishliterature
▫️Franz Kafka's The Metamorphosis explores the degradation and transformative power of alienation. As its protagonist, Gregor Samsa, experiences personal alienation from the people he has cared for and served, he is transformed, losing himself altogether.
#summary #englishliterature
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📚 مَسخ
رمان کوتاهی از فرانتس کافکا است که در پاییز ۱۹۱۲ به زبان آلمانی نوشته شد و در اکتبر ۱۹۱۵ در لایپزیگ به چاپ رسید. مسخ از مهمترین آثار ادبیات فانتزی قرن بیستم است که در دانشکدهها و آموزشگاههای ادبیات سراسر جهان غرب تدریس میشود.
#ادبیات_انگلیسی #مسخ #کافکا
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ᵉᶰᵍˡᶤѕʰ ˡᶤᵗᵉʳᵃᵗᵘʳᵉ 📚
📚 مَسخ رمان کوتاهی از فرانتس کافکا است که در پاییز ۱۹۱۲ به زبان آلمانی نوشته شد و در اکتبر ۱۹۱۵ در لایپزیگ به چاپ رسید. مسخ از مهمترین آثار ادبیات فانتزی قرن بیستم است که در دانشکدهها و آموزشگاههای ادبیات سراسر جهان غرب تدریس میشود. #ادبیات_انگلیسی…
📝 بررسی:
▫️داستان در مورد بازاریاب جوانی به نام گرگور سامسا است که یک روز صبح از خواب بیدار میشود و متوجه میشود که به یک مخلوق نفرتانگیز حشرهمانند تبدیل شدهاست. دلیل مسخ سامسا در طول داستان بازگو نمیشود و خود کافکا نیز هیچگاه در مورد آن توضیحی نداد. لحن روشن و دقیق و رسمی نویسنده در این کتاب تضادی حیرتانگیز با موضوع کابوسوار داستان دارد. داستان غمانگیز «گرگور سامسا» حاکی از بیگانگی با هنجارها است. گویی او خود میخواهد که بین تابعیت محض از اجتماع و مسخ شدن، مسخ شدن را برگزیند. در نتیجه میتوان گفت که مسخ شدن گرگور نوعی فرار از واقعیت حاکم است.
▫️ولادیمیر ناباکوف در مورد این داستان گفتهاست: «اگر کسی مسخ کافکا را چیزی بیش از یک خیال پردازی حشره شناسانه بداند، به او تبریک میگویم؛ چون به صف خوانندگان خوب و بزرگ پیوستهاست.» مترجم فرانسه مسخ معتقد است که گرگور سامسا در واقع کنایهای از خود شخصیت نویسنده (کافکا) است.
در این رمان نویسنده به طور هنرمندانهای با رعایت فاصله زمانی آشکار شدن مسخ بر خانواده شخصیت اصلی داستان، این واقعیت را بیان میکند که مسخ علت بیفایده و طرد شدن او نیست؛ بلکه او در پی انجام ندادن وظایفی که بر او متحمل شده بود، طرد میشود و این طرد شدن به شکل استعاری با مسخ توجیه میشود. به بیان دیگر، میتوان گفت گرگور که دیگر وظایف گذشتهاش را انجام نمیدهد، برای خانواده مانند یک سوسک بیمصرف است. این تعبیر خانواده، هرچند در ابتدا گرگور را دلسرد نکرد اما در ادامه داستان او خود تصمیم به طرد شدن گرفت و به گونهای با اعتصاب غذا به زندگی خود پایان داد.
#ادبیات_انگلیسی #ادبیات
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🔸Franz Kafka
was a German-speaking Bohemian novelist and short-story writer, widely regarded as one of the major figures of 20th-century literature. His work fuses elements of realism and the fantastic.
▫️Born: July 3, 1883, Prague, Czechia
▪️Died: June 3, 1924, Kierling, Klosterneuburg, Austria.
#englishliterature #author #Kafka
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ᵉᶰᵍˡᶤѕʰ ˡᶤᵗᵉʳᵃᵗᵘʳᵉ 📚
🔸Franz Kafka was a German-speaking Bohemian novelist and short-story writer, widely regarded as one of the major figures of 20th-century literature. His work fuses elements of realism and the fantastic. ▫️Born: July 3, 1883, Prague, Czechia ▪️Died: June…
🔸فرانتس کافکا
(زاده ۳ ژوئیهٔ ۱۸۸۳ – ۳ ژوئن ۱۹۲۴)
یکی از بزرگترین نویسندگان آلمانی زبان در سده ۲۰ (میلادی) بود. آثار کافکا در زمرهٔ تأثیرگذارترین آثار در ادبیات غرب بهشمار میآیند. فرانتس کافکا در ایران بیشتر برای نوشتارهای پوچ گرایانه و گاه اگزیستانسیالیستی شناخته میشود. یکی دیگر از دلایل شهرت او در ایران تاثیرگذاری او بر نویسندگان ایرانی مانند صادق هدایت بوده است.
#ادبیات_انگلیسی #نویسنده #داستان
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