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🔆Lokpal of India

The Lokpal is the first institution of its kind in independent India,established under the Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act 2013 to inquire and investigate allegations of corruption against public functionaries who fall within the scope and ambit of the above Act.
Organizational Structure: The Lokpal consists of a Chairperson and eight Members out of whom 50% are Judicial Members.
The Chairperson and the Members are appointed by the President of India by warrant under his hand and seal and hold office for a term of five years from the date on which they enter upon the office or until they attain the age of 70 years, whichever is earlier.
The salary, allowances and other conditions of services of the Chairperson are the same as that of Chief Justice of India. The salary, allowances and other conditions of services of the Members are the same as that of a Judge of the Supreme Court.
Jurisdiction And Functions Of Lokpal : The Lokpal has jurisdiction to inquire into allegations of corruption against anyone who is or has been Prime Minister, or a Minister in the Union government, or a Member of Parliament, as well as officials of the Union Government under Groups A, B, C and D.


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🔆Sudha Murty nominated to Rajya Sabha

Author and philanthropist Sudha Murty has been nominated to the Rajya Sabha by President Droupadi Murmu, announced by Prime Minister Narendra Modi on March 8.

This nomination coincides with International Women’s Day, highlighting the significant role of ‘Nari Shakti’ or Women’s Power.

she has authored numerous books and has been recognized with prestigious awards, including the Padma Shri and Padma Bhushan. Sudha Murty is celebrated for her advocacy for social causes and the promotion of education and healthcare initiatives.

Article 80(3) of the Constitution allows the President to nominate 12 members to the Rajya Sabha who possess special knowledge or practical experience in fields such as literature, science, art, and social service

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🔆PANCHAYATI RAJ Introduction

Term Panchayati Raj – rural local self-governance
Constitutionalised through 73rd CAA,

▪️ 1992 Evolution of Panchayati Raj

1. Balwant Raj Mehta Committee
Recommended scheme for democratic decentralisation
Rajasthan was the first state to establish Panchayati Raj – 1959.
Followed by Andhra Pradesh-1959

2. Ashok Mehta Committee
Recommended 132 changes to revive the declining PR system
Three tier system of PR – replaced by two tier system – Zila Parishad at district and Mandal Panchayat below it.
District should be first point for decentralisation.
PR institutions have compulsory powers of taxation and managing on finances
Nyaya panchayats are to be kept separate bodies – preside over by qualified judge.
Minister for PR to be appointed and state answer of ministers.
Seats for SC/ST reserved on the basis of population
Could not be implemented due to the collapse of Janata government.

3. GVK Rao Committee
4. L M Singhvi Committee
5. Thungon Committee

6. Gadgil Committee
Constituted in 1988 – “how best PR institutions could be made effective”
Constitutional status bestowed on PR.
Three tier system – Village, block and district levels.
Fixed term of five years for members – elected directly – reservation for SC/ST/woman
The state finance commission, State election commission for management

▪️73rd CAA 1992

Part 9 to the Constitution – the Panchayats – Article 243 to 243 O
Landmark in evolution of grassroot democracy.
Salient Features:
a. Gram Sabha
b. Three tier system
c. Election of members and chairperson
d. Version of seats.
e. Duration of Panchayat fixed.
f. Disqualification prescribed.
g. State election commission.
h. Finance commission - audits and accounts.

▪️PESA Act, 1996 Provisions of the Panchayats (extensions to the Scheduled Areas) Act, 1996 - Objectives:

Extend provisions of Part 9 to scheduled areas with certain modifications.
Self-rule for the bulk of tribal population.
Safeguard and preserve traditions and customs of tribal communities.
Empower panchayats for tribal requirement
Provide village governance with participated democracy
Reasons for ineffective performance
1. Of adequate devolution.
2. Excessive control of bureaucracy.
3. Tied nature of funds.
4. Overwhelming dependence on government funding.
5. Status of gram Sabha.
6. Creation of parallel bodies.
7. Poor infrastructure


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🔆Fifth Schedule

Constitution of India has 12 Schedules.
5th schedule Art 244 (1) & 6th schedule Art 244 (2) primarily deals with governance of scheduled areas and tribal areas respectively.
5th Schedule area: special privilege given to tribal groups majorly in the states of Central India: HP, Raj, MP, Cg, Odisa, Jharkhand, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh.
Tribal Advisory Council shall be created with the maximum
strength of 20 out of which 3/4th should come from STs in legislative assemblies.
73rd amendment is not applicable but PESA has been applied.
President has the larger power than governor in administration of 5th Scheduled areas while Governor has larger power in 6th Schedule Areas.
6th Schedule - Tribal Areas: special privilege given to tribal group (aboriginals) of 4 North
Easter States: Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, Mizoram to have District Councils and regional Councils for better local governance. 73rd amendment is not applicable.

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🔆RBI’s Report on Trends and Progress of Banking in India

RBI released a balance sheet analysis of the last fiscal of the Scheduled Commercial Banks (SCBs).

📍Findings of the Report:

The Capital to Risk Weighted Asset Ratio (CRAR) strengthened to 16.8%, with all banks meeting the regulatory minimum capital requirement of 11.5% as also the common equity tier-1 (CET-1) ratio requirement of 8% (Basel III Accords).

The Gross Non-Performing Assets (GNPA) ratio of SCBs has been declining from its peak in 2017-18 to reach 5.8% at end-March 2022.

Public Sector Banks(PSBs) accounted for 62% of total outstanding deposits and 58% of total loans extended by
Scheduled Commercial Banks.

80% of SCBs’ investments are in Government Securities
(G-Secs)


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📍Sutluj jal vidyut nigam partners with IIT Patna to improve tunneling project performance

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📍Science and technology Notes

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🔆Glacial lake outbrust flood

A Glacial Lake Outburst Flood (GLOF) is a sudden release of a significant amount of water from a glacial lake, which can occur due to various factors such as the melting of glaciers, avalanches, or earthquakes.

GLOFs are typically caused by water accumulation in a glacial lake, held in place by ice or sediment.

When the water pressure builds to a critical level, it can breach the natural dam and flood the downstream area with large volumes of water, debris, and rock.

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भारत द्वारा बचाव अभियान


1. ऑपरेशन 'इंद्रावती' (मार्च, 2024): हैती से भारतीयों को डोमिनिकन गणराज्य निकालना।

2. ऑपरेशन अजय (2023) : भारत ने इजरायल से उन भारतीयों की वापसी की सुविधा के लिए औपचारिक रूप से ऑपरेशन अजय शुरू किया है, जो घर वापस आना चाहते हैं, क्योंकि सप्ताहांत में हमास आतंकवादियों द्वारा इजरायली शहरों पर किए गए हमलों की एक श्रृंखला ने क्षेत्र में नए तनाव को जन्म दिया है।

3. ऑपरेशन कावेरी (2023)
भारत सरकार ने सूडान में फंसे 3,000 से अधिक भारतीय लोगों को बचाने के लिए 'ऑपरेशन कावेरी' शुरू किया। सूडान एक अफ्रीकी देश है जो सेना और अर्धसैनिक बलों के बीच लड़ाई के कारण तनावग्रस्त है।

4. ऑपरेशन दोस्त (2023) : ऑपरेशन दोस्त भारत सरकार द्वारा सीरिया और तुर्की की सहायता के लिए शुरू किया गया एक खोज और बचाव अभियान है, जो 6 फरवरी, 2023 को दोनों देशों में आए भयंकर भूकंप के बाद दोनों देशों की सहायता के लिए शुरू किया गया है।

5. ऑपरेशन गंगा (2022): यूक्रेन में फंसे अपने लोगों को वापस उनके वतन लाना।

6. ऑपरेशन देवी शक्ति (2021) : अफगानिस्तान से इस्लामिक गणराज्य अफगानिस्तान के पतन और राजधानी काबुल के तालिबान के हाथों में जाने के बाद।

7. ऑपरेशन वंदे भारत (2020-21) :
इसकी शुरुआत 2020 में हुई थी जब भारत ने कोविड-19 महामारी से प्रभावित दुनिया के विभिन्न देशों में फंसे भारतीयों को वापस लाया था।

8. ऑपरेशन समुद्र सेतु (2020-21) : कोविड-19 महामारी के दौरान विदेशों में फंसे भारतीयों को वापस लाने के लिए, ऑपरेशन समुद्र सेतु एक नौसैनिक ऑपरेशन था, जिसके तहत 3,000 से अधिक भारतीय नागरिकों को वापस लाया गया।

9. ऑपरेशन निस्तार (2018): यह यमन के चक्रवात प्रभावित सोकोत्रा ​​द्वीप से 38 भारतीय नागरिकों को निकालने के लिए एक भारतीय नौसेना अभियान है।

10. ऑपरेशन इंसानियत (2017) : म्यांमार के शरणार्थियों के बांग्लादेश में बड़ी संख्या में आने के कारण, भारत के विदेश मंत्रालय ने मानवीय संकट से उबरने में बांग्लादेश की सहायता के लिए ऑपरेशन इंसानियत शुरू किया।

11. ऑपरेशन संकट मोचन (2016):
दक्षिण सूडानी गृहयुद्ध के दौरान।

12. ऑपरेशन राहत (2015) : यमन से

13. ऑपरेशन मैत्री (2015) : इसे 2015 में नेपाल भूकंप के बाद भारत सरकार और भारतीय सशस्त्र बलों द्वारा संयुक्त राहत और बचाव अभियान के रूप में शुरू किया गया था।

14. ऑपरेशन सेफ होमकमिंग (2011) : लीबिया। 2011 में जब लीबिया में गृहयुद्ध छिड़ा तो भारत सरकार ने ऑपरेशन सेफ होमकमिंग शुरू किया और 15,400 भारतीयों को बचाया।

15. ऑपरेशन सुकून (2006) :
इसे 2006 में तब शुरू किया गया था जब इजरायल और लेबनान के बीच सैन्य संघर्ष छिड़ गया था।
यह ऑपरेशन अब 'बेरूत सीलिफ्ट' के नाम से प्रसिद्ध है।

16. कुवैत एयरलिफ्ट (1990) : वंदे भारत के बाद, कुवैत का एयरलिफ्ट भारत सरकार द्वारा किया गया दूसरा सबसे बड़ा बचाव अभियान है। इसे कुवैत पर इराकी आक्रमण के बाद अंजाम दिया गया था। निकासी के पैमाने को देखते हुए, एयर इंडिया ने नागरिक विमान में सबसे अधिक लोगों को एयरलिफ्ट करने के लिए गिनीज बुक ऑफ वर्ल्ड रिकॉर्ड्स में अपना नाम दर्ज कराया।

17. ऑपरेशन पूमलाई (1987) :
ऑपरेशन पूमलाई, जिसे ईगल मिशन 4 के नाम से भी जाना जाता है, भारतीय वायुसेना द्वारा 4 जून 1987 को श्रीलंका के जाफना शहर में हवाई मार्ग से रसद गिराने के लिए शुरू किया गया एक मिशन था, जिसका उद्देश्य श्रीलंकाई गृहयुद्ध के दौरान तमिल टाइगर्स की सहायता करना था।
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