🔆 Mud Volcano Eruption in Baratang Island (Andaman & Nicobar Islands)

📍 Recent Event
✅ India’s only active mud volcano in Baratang Island has erupted after 20 years, releasing mud, gases, and water.

📍 About Mud Volcanoes
✅ Definition: Natural vents that expel a mix of mud, water, and gases (mainly methane, sometimes CO₂ or nitrogen) — not molten lava.
✅ Formation Areas: Common in natural gas–rich regions.
✅ Cause of Eruption: Triggered by tectonic pressure or hydrocarbon gas buildup beneath the surface.
✅ Structure: Forms cone-like mounds, mimicking true volcanic shapes.

#Geography

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🔆 22 October 2025 – Current Affairs Round-Up

📍 INTERNATIONAL
✅ Brazil & India form strategic alliance for economic and tech cooperation — announced by President Lula da Silva.
✅ Mercer–CFA Global Pension Index 2025: India ranks 52/52 (score 43.8, Grade D); Netherlands, Iceland & Denmark top.
✅ UPOV (1991 Convention): Report flags rising FTA pressure on countries to adopt strict plant variety protection laws (India not a member).
✅ IEA Report: Sustainable fuel use may quadruple by 2035; could create 2 million jobs & attract $1.5T investment.
✅ WDMMA 2025: India overtakes China to become 3rd most powerful Air Force globally.

📍 NATIONAL
✅ Ministry of Mines launches State Mining Readiness Index (SMRI) — MP, Rajasthan & Gujarat top performers.
✅ FSSAI bans misuse of the term “ORS” on food products; deemed misbranding under FSS Act 2006.
✅ 8th Codex Committee Session on Spices & Herbs (CCSCH) held in Guwahati — global standards finalized for Vanilla, Coriander & Large Cardamom.
✅ Bathou Religion of the Bodo community (Assam) gets separate census code — marks official recognition of indigenous faith.
✅ WOL3D opens BRAHMA 3D Printing Farm (Mumbai) with 200+ printers producing 10,000 parts weekly.
✅ Ayodhya sets Guinness World Record — lights 2.6 million diyas on Diwali.
✅ India–EU hold 1st joint counter-terror exercise on drones (Manesar) focusing on UAS detection & neutralization.

📍 DEFENCE
✅ Rajnath Singh inaugurates Titanium & Superalloy Materials Plant (Lucknow) — strengthens Atmanirbhar push in aerospace & defence materials.
✅ Indian Navy launches 6th ASW Craft “Magdala” at Cochin Shipyard — adds to shallow-water anti-submarine fleet.
✅ India–South Korea conduct first bilateral naval exercise at Busan.
✅ India–UK Carrier Strike Group holds joint maritime drills in Indian Ocean.

📍 SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
✅ India launches Global “AgXelerate” Platform to connect agri-innovators across 7 countries for regenerative farming and global market access.

📍 APPOINTMENTS
✅ Rodrigo Paz elected President of Bolivia.
✅ Sanae Takaichi becomes Japan’s first female Prime Minister.
✅ Nirmal Kumar Minda takes over as President, ASSOCHAM.

📍 AWARDS & SPORTS
✅ Lionel Messi wins 2025 MLS Golden Boot — 29 goals, 19 assists for Inter Miami.
✅ Abusupyan Kharkharov receives BRICS International Award 2025 for spiritual & cultural contributions at Russia’s State Duma.

#CurrentAffairs

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📍 IMPORTANT DAYS
✅ National Solidarity Day – 20 Oct (marking 1962 India–China War).
✅ Police Commemoration Day – 21 Oct.
✅ World Osteoporosis Day – 20 Oct | Theme: “It’s Unacceptable.”

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🔆 Critical Mineral Recycling Incentive Scheme (CMRIS)

📍 Launched by: Ministry of Mines
📍 Under: National Critical Minerals Mission (NCMM)
📍 Type: Central Sector Scheme
📍 Tenure: FY 2025–26 to FY 2030–31
📍 Outlay: ₹1,500 crore

📍 Key Objectives

✅ Promote recycling of critical minerals from secondary sources (e-waste, spent lithium-ion batteries, catalytic converters).
✅ Establish a secondary domestic supply chain to reduce import dependence.
✅ Target: 270 kilotons recycling capacity & 40 kilotons recovered minerals annually by FY 2031.

📍 Incentive Structure

✅ Incentives on Capex & Opex (reimbursement basis).
✅ Covers all recycling stages — collection → processing → extraction → purification.

📍 Beneficiary Classification

1️⃣ Group A – Large Recyclers:
• Revenue > ₹200 crore
• Investment ≥ ₹100 crore
• Capacity ≥ 10,000 tonnes
• Incentive Cap: ₹50 crore

2️⃣ Group B – Startups/Smaller Recyclers:
• Revenue < ₹200 crore
• Investment ≥ ₹25 crore
• Capacity ≥ 5,000 tonnes
• Incentive Cap: ₹25 crore
🟩 1/3rd of total outlay reserved for Group B startups.

📍 Feedstock Sources

E-waste, lithium-ion batteries, catalytic converters, secondary metal waste.
(Black-mass producers not eligible.)

📍 National Critical Minerals Mission (NCMM)

✅ Promote R&D in advanced mineral processing & recovery.
✅ Develop Centres of Excellence and mineral processing parks.
✅ Build national stockpile for supply security.
✅ Encourage domestic & global investments in mining and recycling.
✅ ₹16,300 crore govt. funding + ₹18,000 crore PSU/private investment.

📍 Critical Minerals Covered

🔹 Lithium, Cobalt – EV batteries, electronics
🔹 Graphite, Nickel – Alloys, battery storage
🔹 Rare Earth Elements (REEs) – Defence, high-tech
🔹 Titanium, Tungsten – Aerospace
🔹 Vanadium, Molybdenum – Steel & energy

📍 Technological & Policy Support

✅ MMDR Act (1957) – 2023 Amendments: Enable faster exploration & approvals.
✅ GSI: 368 exploration projects underway.
✅ S&T PRISM Program: Supports startups/MSMEs in mineral R&D.
✅ KABIL (JV under MoM): Secured lithium mining rights in argentina.


#goverment_schemes

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🔆 Yadava Dynasty (1187–1317 AD)

📍 Overview
✅ Capital: Devagiri (Daulatabad)
✅ Founder: Bhillama V — defeated Hoysalas & established sovereignty
✅ Extent: Maharashtra, North Karnataka, parts of Madhya Pradesh
✅ Source: Deolali inscription (mentions Seunachandra II)

📍 Important Rulers
✅ Bhillama V (1173–1191 AD)
• Title – Chakravartin Yadava (Mutugi inscription)
• Defeated Hoysala king Ballala II

✅ Simhana II (1200–1246 AD)
• Defeated Shilahara King Bhoja II
• Patronised Sarangdeva (Sangeeta Ratnakara), Changadeva (Yoga Sangrama)

✅ Ramachandra (1291–1309 AD)
• Defeated by Malik Kafur under Alauddin Khalji

📍 Art & Architecture
✅ Gondeshwar Temple (Nashik): Panchayatana layout, Bhumija-style shikhara

📍 Literature
✅ Vivekasindhu – Mukundaraja
✅ Dnyaneshwari – Dnyaneshwar (commentary on Bhagavad Gita)
✅ Karnakutuhala – Bhaskaracharya

#history

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🔆 Exercise Pacific Reach 2025 (XPR-25)

📍 About the Exercise
✅ Type: Biennial multinational submarine rescue exercise.
✅ Host Nation: Singapore.
✅ Participants: Over 40 countries, including India.

#cse #prelims

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📍 RRBs Current Status & Performance (as of March)
✅ Number of RRBs: 43, sponsored by 12 Scheduled Commercial Banks.
✅ Sponsorship: All PSBs except Punjab & Sind Bank sponsor at least one; J&K Bank is the only private sponsor.
✅ PSL Leadership: 89% of total lending directed toward priority sectors.
✅ Role in Financial Inclusion:
• PMJDY accounts: 18.5% share
• PMSBY enrolments: 13.3% share
• PM-Kisan beneficiaries: 16.9% share

#mains #cse

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🔆 Philippines – Earthquake & Key Facts

📍 Recent Event
✅ A 6.9 magnitude earthquake struck the Philippines, located in the seismically active Pacific “Ring of Fire.”

📍 Political Features
✅ Capital: Manila
✅ Region: Island nation in Southeast Asia, western Pacific Ocean
✅ Surrounding Seas:
• Philippine Sea (East)
• Celebes Sea (South)
• Sulu Sea (Southwest)
• South China Sea (West & North)

📍 Geographical Features
✅ Highest Point: Mount Apo
✅ Major Rivers: Cagayan (Río Grande de Cagayán), Mindanao, Agusan
✅ Climate: Tropical & Monsoonal — hot, humid, and typhoon-prone.

#Geography

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🔆 The Chandella Dynasty (10th–13th Century CE)

📍 Territory & Capitals
✅ Ruled over Bundelkhand (Jejakabhukti)
✅ Capitals: Khajuraho, Kalanjara, and Mahoba

📍 Prominent Rulers
✅ Nannuka (831–845 CE): Founder; ruled as a Pratihara feudatory.
✅ Dhanga (950–999 CE): Established Chandella sovereignty; ruled over Chedi, Kalinjar, and Gwalior.
✅ Vidyadhar (1003–1035 CE): Repelled Ghaznavid invasions and expanded Chandella power to its peak.

📍 Decline
✅ Ghaznavid raids (1020s) weakened the empire.
✅ Kalachuris occupied Chandella territories for nearly four decades.
✅ Parmardi (1165–1203 CE): Lost territory to Prithviraj Chauhan and later faced invasion by Qutb-ud-din Aibak.
✅ Dynasty survived another century but with reduced influence.

📍 Cultural Contributions
✅ Built the world-famous Khajuraho Temples, including the Kandariya Mahadev Temple — a pinnacle of Nagara-style architecture and sculpture.

#history

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🔆 23 October 2025 – Current Affairs Round-Up

📍 RBI JUNCTION
✅ RBI “State of the Economy” Report says India remains resilient but not immune to global headwinds — prepared under Deputy Governor Poonam Gupta.
✅ RBI sold $1.7B in August 2025 to arrest rupee’s fall — ₹88.89 per USD on Sept 23; YTD depreciation ~4.6%.

📍 BANKING & FINANCIAL
✅ UPI transactions surge to ₹94,000 cr daily in October, up 13% from ₹82,991 cr in Sept — highest-ever single-day record on Diwali Eve.
✅ Transaction Volume: 754M; Value: ₹1.02 lakh cr; Avg daily transactions: 695M (↑ from 654M in Sept).

📍 INTERNATIONAL
✅ Tuvalu joins IUCN as the 90th Member State.

📍 NATIONAL
✅ India ranks 9th globally in forest area, retaining 3rd spot in annual forest gain – FAO Global Forest Report.
✅ SOAR (Skilling for AI Readiness) – India’s new push for AI-driven education & upskilling, launched by MSDE (Jul 2025); ₹7,500 cr allocated in Union Budget 2025–26.
✅ PSA Office releases AI Paybooks for Agriculture, SMEs & White Papers to boost responsible AI adoption — by Ajay Kumar Sood, PSA to Govt of India.
✅ India’s renewable energy capacity rises fivefold to 197 GW since 2014; target 500 GW non-fossil by 2030.
✅ UDAN Scheme completes 9 years, facilitating 1.56 cr passengers across India since 2016; VGF ₹4,300 cr.
✅ S&P Report: India’s policy reforms & funding drive rapid green energy transition in South Asia; added 35 GW renewable capacity in 2025 (Jan–Sept).
✅ India upgrades Kabul mission to full embassy status, strengthening diplomatic presence in Afghanistan.
✅ India & UK launch Ramanujan Fellowship for young scientists to foster research links.
✅ India surpasses $20B in AI investments, cementing global leadership in digital innovation.

📍 DEFENCE
✅ INS Solhyaradi joins India–Japan Maritime Exercise (JIMEX 25) near Kyushu, Japan.
✅ Indian Navy Commanders’ Conference 2025 begins in New Delhi to review maritime preparedness.

📍 MoUs
✅ Indian Army signs MoU with Delhi Technological University for defence R&D collaboration.
✅ Naval Group & Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders extend MoU to enhance submarine export cooperation.
✅ IUCN & IRENA sign MoU to promote renewable energy & biodiversity protection.
✅ IIT-BHU inks MoU with 39 Gorkha Training Centre to strengthen defence innovation.

📍 STATES
✅ Gujaratis worldwide celebrate Bestu Varash 2025 (Gujarati New Year).
✅ Goa CM Pramod Sawant unveils logo & anthem for FIDE Chess World Cup 2025 — India hosts event after 23 years.
✅ Goa Govt introduces Chess in school & college curricula to nurture young players.
✅ New Odonate species discovered in Silent Valley National Park, Kerala.

📍 APPOINTMENTS
✅ Shantha Rangaswamy elected first woman President of the Indian Cricketers’ Association (ICA).

📍 AWARDS
✅ Neeraj Chopra conferred Honorary Rank of Lieutenant Colonel in the Indian Army.

#CurrentAffairs

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