🔆 Changed Nature of Peasant Movements Post 1857
📍 Key Points
✅ Main Streaming: Peasants became the main force in agrarian movements, fighting for their own demands.
✅ Objectives: Focused primarily on economic issues.
✅ Immediate Enemies: Directed against foreign planters, indigenous zamindars, and moneylenders.
✅ Not Against Colonialism: Movements did not target colonialism or subordination.
✅ Limited Territorial Extent: Movements had limited reach and lacked continuity or long-term.
📍 Key Points
✅ Main Streaming: Peasants became the main force in agrarian movements, fighting for their own demands.
✅ Objectives: Focused primarily on economic issues.
✅ Immediate Enemies: Directed against foreign planters, indigenous zamindars, and moneylenders.
✅ Not Against Colonialism: Movements did not target colonialism or subordination.
✅ Limited Territorial Extent: Movements had limited reach and lacked continuity or long-term.
#Goodmorning
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⏳72 days left CSM25 [ 22-08-25]
⏳160 days left IfoS mains 16 Nov
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⏳436 days left CSM26 [ 21-08-26]
⏳6 days left RAS mains 17 june
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🔆 Education Stats
📍 Literacy Rates
✅ Overall: 77%, Male: 84%, Female: 70%, Urban: 88%, Rural: 74% (NSO)
📍 Government Spending
✅ Education: 3.5% of GDP (Ministry of Education)
📍 Enrolment Ratios
✅ Primary: 98%, Secondary: 80%, Senior Secondary: 58% (ASER report)
📍 Government Schools
✅ Enrolment: 73% in 2022 (up from 65% in 2018) (ASER report)
📍 Reading Ability
✅ Class 2 Text: 42% of children could read (down from 50% in 2018) (ASER report)
📍 School Infrastructure
✅ 88.65% of schools have electricity & drinking water
✅ 47.50% schools have computers (SDG India Index 2024)
📍 Higher Education
✅ Gross Enrolment: 28% (51% male, 49% female) (AISHE, Ministry of Education)
✅ Public vs Private: 60% public, 40% private universities (AISHE)
📍 Engineering Students
✅ 39 lakh students (29% women) in 2021-22 (AISHE)
#Data #GS2 #GS1 #Ethics #essay #social_issue #health #mains
Join @CSE_EXAM
@UPSC_FACTS
📍 Literacy Rates
✅ Overall: 77%, Male: 84%, Female: 70%, Urban: 88%, Rural: 74% (NSO)
📍 Government Spending
✅ Education: 3.5% of GDP (Ministry of Education)
📍 Enrolment Ratios
✅ Primary: 98%, Secondary: 80%, Senior Secondary: 58% (ASER report)
📍 Government Schools
✅ Enrolment: 73% in 2022 (up from 65% in 2018) (ASER report)
📍 Reading Ability
✅ Class 2 Text: 42% of children could read (down from 50% in 2018) (ASER report)
📍 School Infrastructure
✅ 88.65% of schools have electricity & drinking water
✅ 47.50% schools have computers (SDG India Index 2024)
📍 Higher Education
✅ Gross Enrolment: 28% (51% male, 49% female) (AISHE, Ministry of Education)
✅ Public vs Private: 60% public, 40% private universities (AISHE)
📍 Engineering Students
✅ 39 lakh students (29% women) in 2021-22 (AISHE)
#Data #GS2 #GS1 #Ethics #essay #social_issue #health #mains
Join @CSE_EXAM
@UPSC_FACTS
CSP-2025-WR-NameList-Engl-110625.pdf
2 MB
Name Wise 2025 Pre
IFSP-2025-WR-NameList-Engl-110625.pdf
511.5 KB
Name wise IFoS-25 Result
🔆 Oil Pollution
📍 Examples
✅ Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill (2010): Largest marine oil spill in Gulf of Mexico.
✅ Ennore Oil Spill (2017): Collision off Chennai coast, impacting marine life and fishermen.
✅ MV Wakashio Spill (2020): Ship ran aground off Mauritius, spilling oil in a biodiversity-rich area.
📍 Causes
✅ Oil spills from tankers, offshore rigs.
✅ Leakages from drilling, transportation.
✅ Ballast water discharge, pipeline ruptures.
📍 Consequences
✅ Environmental: Marine life death, long-term damage to ecosystems.
✅ Economic: Livelihood loss, high cleanup costs.
✅ Health Hazards: Skin disorders, respiratory issues, contamination of seafood.
📍 Steps Taken
✅ International: MARPOL Convention, OPRC, IMO standards.
✅ India: NOS-DCP, INCOIS oil spill trajectory model.
📍 Way Forward
✅ Enforce safety regulations, improve warning systems, develop response capacity, promote bioremediation techniques.
#environment #mains
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@upsc_4_environment
📍 Examples
✅ Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill (2010): Largest marine oil spill in Gulf of Mexico.
✅ Ennore Oil Spill (2017): Collision off Chennai coast, impacting marine life and fishermen.
✅ MV Wakashio Spill (2020): Ship ran aground off Mauritius, spilling oil in a biodiversity-rich area.
📍 Causes
✅ Oil spills from tankers, offshore rigs.
✅ Leakages from drilling, transportation.
✅ Ballast water discharge, pipeline ruptures.
📍 Consequences
✅ Environmental: Marine life death, long-term damage to ecosystems.
✅ Economic: Livelihood loss, high cleanup costs.
✅ Health Hazards: Skin disorders, respiratory issues, contamination of seafood.
📍 Steps Taken
✅ International: MARPOL Convention, OPRC, IMO standards.
✅ India: NOS-DCP, INCOIS oil spill trajectory model.
📍 Way Forward
✅ Enforce safety regulations, improve warning systems, develop response capacity, promote bioremediation techniques.
#environment #mains
Join @PIB_UPSC
@upsc_4_environment
Message from Honble Chairman UPSC
#Goodmorning
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#Target
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#Accountability
⏳71 days left CSM25 [ 22-08-25]
⏳159 days left IfoS mains 16 Nov
⏳346 days left CSP26 [ 24-05-26]
⏳435 days left CSM26 [ 21-08-26]
⏳5 days left RAS mains 17 june
⏳17 days left UKPSC prelims 29 June
⏳17 days left UPPSC mains 29 June
⏳41 days JKPSC 23th July
⏳45 days UPPSC RO ARO 27 July
⏳52 days left capf AC 3 Aug
⏳79 days left 71th BPSC
⏳108 days MPSC prelims 28 Sept
⏳ 122 days left UPPSC prelims 12 Oct
#Target
#TargetOnlyone
#Accountability
🔆 Multidimensional Poverty in India
📍 Key Statistics
✅ 14.96% headcount ratio of Multidimensional Poverty in 2019-21 (down from 24.85% in 2015-16), enroute to achieving target 1.2 of halving Multidimensional Poverty much before 2030
✅ 13.5 crore people lifted out of multidimensional poverty between 2015-16 and 2019-21, and 41.5 crore people lifted out between 2005-06 and 2019-21
✅ The intensity of poverty (average deprivation among multidimensionally poor) improved from about 47% in 2015-16 to 44% in 2019-21
📍 Rural and Urban Trends
✅ Fastest decline in percentage of multidimensional poor in rural areas: from 32.59% in 2015-16 to 19.28% in 2019-21
✅ Reduction in incidence of poverty in urban areas: from 8.65% in 2015-16 to 5.27% in 2019-21
📍 Vulnerable Groups and Regional Data
✅ India has the largest number of children living in multidimensional poverty — 1 in every 5 children is poor
✅ States of UP, Bihar, MP, Odisha, and Rajasthan recorded steepest decline in number of MPI poor
✅ Globally, 85% of multidimensionally poor people live in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia
✅ 63 million Indians pushed into poverty yearly due to healthcare costs — almost two people every second
✅ Poverty levels among social groups:
• STs = 50.6%
• SCs = 33.3%
• OBCs = 27.2%
(5 out of every 6 people living in multidimensional poverty in India belong to disadvantaged tribes and castes)
#GS2 #GS3 #GS1 #Ethics #essay #social_issue #mains
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📍 Key Statistics
✅ 14.96% headcount ratio of Multidimensional Poverty in 2019-21 (down from 24.85% in 2015-16), enroute to achieving target 1.2 of halving Multidimensional Poverty much before 2030
✅ 13.5 crore people lifted out of multidimensional poverty between 2015-16 and 2019-21, and 41.5 crore people lifted out between 2005-06 and 2019-21
✅ The intensity of poverty (average deprivation among multidimensionally poor) improved from about 47% in 2015-16 to 44% in 2019-21
📍 Rural and Urban Trends
✅ Fastest decline in percentage of multidimensional poor in rural areas: from 32.59% in 2015-16 to 19.28% in 2019-21
✅ Reduction in incidence of poverty in urban areas: from 8.65% in 2015-16 to 5.27% in 2019-21
📍 Vulnerable Groups and Regional Data
✅ India has the largest number of children living in multidimensional poverty — 1 in every 5 children is poor
✅ States of UP, Bihar, MP, Odisha, and Rajasthan recorded steepest decline in number of MPI poor
✅ Globally, 85% of multidimensionally poor people live in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia
✅ 63 million Indians pushed into poverty yearly due to healthcare costs — almost two people every second
✅ Poverty levels among social groups:
• STs = 50.6%
• SCs = 33.3%
• OBCs = 27.2%
(5 out of every 6 people living in multidimensional poverty in India belong to disadvantaged tribes and castes)
#GS2 #GS3 #GS1 #Ethics #essay #social_issue #mains
Join @CSE_EXAM
@UPSC_FACTS
🔆 Why is India's Fertility Rate Declining?
📍 Key Reasons for Fertility Decline
✅ Increased Female Literacy & Workforce Participation – More women focusing on careers & education.
✅ Women’s Empowerment & Changing Aspirations – More financial independence, delayed marriages & childbirth.
✅ Social Attitude Shifts – Preference for higher education, jobs & financial stability over early motherhood.
✅ Rising Infertility & Abortions – Affecting both men & women, contributing to lower birth rates.
✅ Migration of Youngsters – Many opt for jobs abroad, reducing birth rates in their home states.
📍 The Way Forward
✅ Improve Socio-Economic Conditions – A better economy & job prospects can encourage family growth.
✅ Invest in Social & Health Sectors – Stronger healthcare & maternity support for working women.
✅ Learning from Global Trends – Avoid mistakes of countries like South Korea, where fertility rates failed to recover despite large investments.
#social_issues
📍 Key Reasons for Fertility Decline
✅ Increased Female Literacy & Workforce Participation – More women focusing on careers & education.
✅ Women’s Empowerment & Changing Aspirations – More financial independence, delayed marriages & childbirth.
✅ Social Attitude Shifts – Preference for higher education, jobs & financial stability over early motherhood.
✅ Rising Infertility & Abortions – Affecting both men & women, contributing to lower birth rates.
✅ Migration of Youngsters – Many opt for jobs abroad, reducing birth rates in their home states.
📍 The Way Forward
✅ Improve Socio-Economic Conditions – A better economy & job prospects can encourage family growth.
✅ Invest in Social & Health Sectors – Stronger healthcare & maternity support for working women.
✅ Learning from Global Trends – Avoid mistakes of countries like South Korea, where fertility rates failed to recover despite large investments.
#social_issues
🔆 World Day Against Child Labour (WDACL)
✅ Observed every year on June 12 under the International Labour Organization (ILO)
✅ Aims to raise awareness and bring together stakeholders to eliminate child labour
✅ Linked with Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) Target 8.7, which seeks to end child labour in all forms by 2025
📍 Prevalence of Child Labour
✅ Globally, around 160 million children are engaged in child labour, i.e., 1 in every 10 children
✅ The Africa, Asia and the Pacific regions together account for almost nine out of every 10 children being in child labour
✅ COVID-19 pandemic worsened conditions, forcing many children to leave school and work
📍 Child Labour in India
✅ Census 2011 estimated that 43.53 lakh children (5–14 years) engaged in child labour due to factors such as poverty, non-accessibility and illiteracy
✅ Child labour is preferred in beedi, carpet-weaving and firework factories
📍 Legislative Framework:
✅ India enacted the Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act (CLPRA) in 1986
✅ National Policy on Child Labour, 1987 sought a gradual and sequential approach with focus on rehabilitation
✅ National Child Labour Project (NCLP) implemented in high-incidence areas
✅ CLPRA Amendment Act, 2016:
▪ Prohibits employment of children below 14
▪ Prohibits employment of adolescents (14–18 years) in hazardous occupations
✅ Right to Education mandates free and compulsory education to all children aged 6 to 14 years
📍 The Velpur Model (Success Story)
✅ Velpur Mandal, Nizamabad district (Telangana) was once notorious for child labour
✅ In 2001, a community-driven campaign ensured all children (5–15 years) were enrolled in school
✅ Velpur was declared “child labour free mandal” on October 2, 2001, after 100 days of efforts
✅ 24 years later, there is 100% retention in schools and no child labour in the mandal
📍 Innovative Measures in Velpur
✅ Children found working were sent to bridge schools under NCLP
✅ Public meetings emphasised education; children recognised employers who let them leave work
✅ Employers wrote off loans taken by parents (children were earlier used as mortgage)
✅ All sarpanchs signed MoUs (under Andhra Pradesh Compulsory Primary Education Rules, 1982) to ensure schooling
✅ Government ensured access, infrastructure and teachers
📍 Recognition and Replicability
✅ Model recognised by national and international bodies including ILO and media
✅ Supported by former President A.P.J. Abdul Kalam
✅ Mentioned in Parliamentary Standing Committee on Labour report (2022)
#gs1
#society
#mains
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✅ Observed every year on June 12 under the International Labour Organization (ILO)
✅ Aims to raise awareness and bring together stakeholders to eliminate child labour
✅ Linked with Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) Target 8.7, which seeks to end child labour in all forms by 2025
📍 Prevalence of Child Labour
✅ Globally, around 160 million children are engaged in child labour, i.e., 1 in every 10 children
✅ The Africa, Asia and the Pacific regions together account for almost nine out of every 10 children being in child labour
✅ COVID-19 pandemic worsened conditions, forcing many children to leave school and work
📍 Child Labour in India
✅ Census 2011 estimated that 43.53 lakh children (5–14 years) engaged in child labour due to factors such as poverty, non-accessibility and illiteracy
✅ Child labour is preferred in beedi, carpet-weaving and firework factories
📍 Legislative Framework:
✅ India enacted the Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act (CLPRA) in 1986
✅ National Policy on Child Labour, 1987 sought a gradual and sequential approach with focus on rehabilitation
✅ National Child Labour Project (NCLP) implemented in high-incidence areas
✅ CLPRA Amendment Act, 2016:
▪ Prohibits employment of children below 14
▪ Prohibits employment of adolescents (14–18 years) in hazardous occupations
✅ Right to Education mandates free and compulsory education to all children aged 6 to 14 years
📍 The Velpur Model (Success Story)
✅ Velpur Mandal, Nizamabad district (Telangana) was once notorious for child labour
✅ In 2001, a community-driven campaign ensured all children (5–15 years) were enrolled in school
✅ Velpur was declared “child labour free mandal” on October 2, 2001, after 100 days of efforts
✅ 24 years later, there is 100% retention in schools and no child labour in the mandal
📍 Innovative Measures in Velpur
✅ Children found working were sent to bridge schools under NCLP
✅ Public meetings emphasised education; children recognised employers who let them leave work
✅ Employers wrote off loans taken by parents (children were earlier used as mortgage)
✅ All sarpanchs signed MoUs (under Andhra Pradesh Compulsory Primary Education Rules, 1982) to ensure schooling
✅ Government ensured access, infrastructure and teachers
📍 Recognition and Replicability
✅ Model recognised by national and international bodies including ILO and media
✅ Supported by former President A.P.J. Abdul Kalam
✅ Mentioned in Parliamentary Standing Committee on Labour report (2022)
#gs1
#society
#mains
Join @CSE_EXAM
@upsc_society_gs
#Goodmorning
⏳70 days left CSM25 [ 22-08-25]
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⏳107 days MPSC prelims 28 Sept
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#Target
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#Accountability
⏳70 days left CSM25 [ 22-08-25]
⏳158 days left IfoS mains 16 Nov
⏳345 days left CSP26 [ 24-05-26]
⏳434 days left CSM26 [ 21-08-26]
⏳4 days left RAS mains 17 june
⏳16 days left UKPSC prelims 29 June
⏳16 days left UPPSC mains 29 June
⏳49 days JKPSC 23th July
⏳44 days UPPSC RO ARO 27 July
⏳51 days left capf AC 3 Aug
⏳78 days left 71th BPSC
⏳107 days MPSC prelims 28 Sept
⏳ 121 days left UPPSC prelims 12 Oct
#Target
#TargetOnlyone
#Accountability
🔆 Education Stats
📍 Literacy Rates
✅ Overall: 77%, Male: 84%, Female: 70%, Urban: 88%, Rural: 74% (NSO)
📍 Government Spending
✅ Education: 3.5% of GDP (Ministry of Education)
📍 Enrolment Ratios
✅ Primary: 98%, Secondary: 80%, Senior Secondary: 58% (ASER report)
📍 Government Schools
✅ Enrolment: 73% in 2022 (up from 65% in 2018) (ASER report)
📍 Reading Ability
✅ Class 2 Text: 42% of children could read (down from 50% in 2018) (ASER report)
📍 School Infrastructure
✅ 88.65% of schools have electricity & drinking water
✅ 47.50% schools have computers (SDG India Index 2024)
📍 Higher Education
✅ Gross Enrolment: 28% (51% male, 49% female) (AISHE, Ministry of Education)
✅ Public vs Private: 60% public, 40% private universities (AISHE)
📍 Engineering Students
✅ 39 lakh students (29% women) in 2021-22 (AISHE)
#Data #GS2 #GS3 #GS1 #essay #social_issue #mains
Join @CSE_EXAM
@UPSC_FACTS
📍 Literacy Rates
✅ Overall: 77%, Male: 84%, Female: 70%, Urban: 88%, Rural: 74% (NSO)
📍 Government Spending
✅ Education: 3.5% of GDP (Ministry of Education)
📍 Enrolment Ratios
✅ Primary: 98%, Secondary: 80%, Senior Secondary: 58% (ASER report)
📍 Government Schools
✅ Enrolment: 73% in 2022 (up from 65% in 2018) (ASER report)
📍 Reading Ability
✅ Class 2 Text: 42% of children could read (down from 50% in 2018) (ASER report)
📍 School Infrastructure
✅ 88.65% of schools have electricity & drinking water
✅ 47.50% schools have computers (SDG India Index 2024)
📍 Higher Education
✅ Gross Enrolment: 28% (51% male, 49% female) (AISHE, Ministry of Education)
✅ Public vs Private: 60% public, 40% private universities (AISHE)
📍 Engineering Students
✅ 39 lakh students (29% women) in 2021-22 (AISHE)
#Data #GS2 #GS3 #GS1 #essay #social_issue #mains
Join @CSE_EXAM
@UPSC_FACTS
CAPF-2024-Engl-FR-130625.pdf
132.4 KB
CAPF FINAL RESULTS24
🔆 India’s Gender Parity, Transport, Trade & Governance – Key Updates (2025)
📍 1. Gender Parity in India: Mixed Progress
✅ India ranked 131/148 in Global Gender Gap Report 2025 (Score: 64.1%).
✅ Education: High parity at 97.1%.
✅ Political Empowerment dropped:
• Women in Parliament: 14.7% → 13.8%
• Ministerial roles: 6.5% → 5.6%
✅ Global concern: Despite 41.2% workforce share, women hold only 28.8% top leadership roles.
📍 2. Gender Gaps in South Asia
✅ South Asia’s Political Empowerment Score: 26.8%
✅ Only Bangladesh achieved head-of-state parity.
✅ Economic participation improving, but estimated income parity fell by 7.8%.
📍 3. Central Schemes Under ‘Effectiveness’ Lens
✅ All centrally funded schemes to show positive outcomes to continue beyond 2026.
✅ Sunset clause and 3rd-party evaluations introduced.
✅ MGNREGS: Outlay now tied to beneficiary count; upward revisions need Finance Dept. nod.
📍 4. Urban Transport & Mobility Shift
✅ PM E-Bus Sewa, PM e-Drive launched; target: 10,000+ e-buses.
✅ Trams offer 45% profitability over 7 decades; e-buses show 82% net loss.
✅ Budget promotes metro networks, but India still lacks mass transit coverage (only 37% urban access).
📍 5. U.S.–India Trade Relations & Tariffs
✅ India has a $35–40B surplus, yet U.S. cites $44B trade deficit using selective data.
✅ India insists on WTO-based, mutually agreed solutions.
✅ Any deal must protect digital services, remittances, and Indian exporters.
📍 6. Sustainability in Transit Planning
✅ India urged to invest in cost-effective, long-term tram systems.
✅ Move seen as a smart & timely shift towards climate-aligned, financially viable urban mobility.
#Data #GS2 #GS3 #GS1 #essay #social_issue #mains
Join @CSE_EXAM
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📍 1. Gender Parity in India: Mixed Progress
✅ India ranked 131/148 in Global Gender Gap Report 2025 (Score: 64.1%).
✅ Education: High parity at 97.1%.
✅ Political Empowerment dropped:
• Women in Parliament: 14.7% → 13.8%
• Ministerial roles: 6.5% → 5.6%
✅ Global concern: Despite 41.2% workforce share, women hold only 28.8% top leadership roles.
📍 2. Gender Gaps in South Asia
✅ South Asia’s Political Empowerment Score: 26.8%
✅ Only Bangladesh achieved head-of-state parity.
✅ Economic participation improving, but estimated income parity fell by 7.8%.
📍 3. Central Schemes Under ‘Effectiveness’ Lens
✅ All centrally funded schemes to show positive outcomes to continue beyond 2026.
✅ Sunset clause and 3rd-party evaluations introduced.
✅ MGNREGS: Outlay now tied to beneficiary count; upward revisions need Finance Dept. nod.
📍 4. Urban Transport & Mobility Shift
✅ PM E-Bus Sewa, PM e-Drive launched; target: 10,000+ e-buses.
✅ Trams offer 45% profitability over 7 decades; e-buses show 82% net loss.
✅ Budget promotes metro networks, but India still lacks mass transit coverage (only 37% urban access).
📍 5. U.S.–India Trade Relations & Tariffs
✅ India has a $35–40B surplus, yet U.S. cites $44B trade deficit using selective data.
✅ India insists on WTO-based, mutually agreed solutions.
✅ Any deal must protect digital services, remittances, and Indian exporters.
📍 6. Sustainability in Transit Planning
✅ India urged to invest in cost-effective, long-term tram systems.
✅ Move seen as a smart & timely shift towards climate-aligned, financially viable urban mobility.
#Data #GS2 #GS3 #GS1 #essay #social_issue #mains
Join @CSE_EXAM
@UPSC_FACTS
🔆 Pollution Dome
📍 Definition
✅ Formed when unfavorable atmospheric conditions trap pollutants in urban areas, causing smog buildup.
📍 Contributing Factors
✅ Stagnant Air: Calm winds trap pollutants.
✅ Temperature Inversions: Warm air traps cooler air, preventing vertical dispersion.
✅ Geographic Bottlenecks: Mountains/valleys restrict air movement, trapping pollutants.
📍 Additional Factors
✅ Industrial Activity: Emissions from factories, power plants, and vehicles worsen pollution in stagnant air.
✅ Unfavorable Weather Patterns: Systems like anticyclones limit atmospheric mixing, trapping pollutants closer to the ground.
#Geography
#environment
📍 Definition
✅ Formed when unfavorable atmospheric conditions trap pollutants in urban areas, causing smog buildup.
📍 Contributing Factors
✅ Stagnant Air: Calm winds trap pollutants.
✅ Temperature Inversions: Warm air traps cooler air, preventing vertical dispersion.
✅ Geographic Bottlenecks: Mountains/valleys restrict air movement, trapping pollutants.
📍 Additional Factors
✅ Industrial Activity: Emissions from factories, power plants, and vehicles worsen pollution in stagnant air.
✅ Unfavorable Weather Patterns: Systems like anticyclones limit atmospheric mixing, trapping pollutants closer to the ground.
#Geography
#environment