🔆Sendai Framework
✅Operationalize the Sendai Framework in multi-hazard risk hotspots like the Eastern Himalayas.
✅Research and understand the impacts of rapid urbanization and critical infrastructure development.
✅Strengthen risk governance using technology, like social media platforms, drones, and surveillance.
✅Build resilient water-related infrastructure in mountain regions to prevent cascading disasters. E.g, using platforms like the Coalition of Disaster Resilient Infrastructure (CDRI)
✅Enhance early warning systems with dense sensor networks and online data platforms for stakeholders.

#Disaster_management
#GS3

Join @CSE_EXAM
@Mapping_prelims_mains

Hot air - It refers to the concern that some governments will be able to meet their targets for greenhouse-gas emissions under the Kyoto Protocol with minimal effort and could then food the market with emissions credits, reducing the incentive for other countries to cut their own domestic emissions.

India has 4,407 large dams, the third highest number in the world after China (23,841) and the USA (9,263).
Maharashtra has the maximum number of large dams followed by Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat.

Agni-5 Missile

✅Agni-5 Missile three-stage solid fuelled engine
✅range of more than 5,000 km
✅Agni series has medium to Intercontinental versions of Agni missile systems 1 to 5 with a varying ranges — starting from 700 km for Agni-1 to 5000 km and above for
Agni-5.

#prelims_facts
#science_and_technology

Join @CSE_EXAM

Kautilya emphasised the qualities of a well-governed monarch in his book Arthashastra, writing: "in the happiness of his subjects lies his happiness, in their welfare, whatever pleases himself, he does not consider as good, but whatever pleases his subjects he considers as good."

🔆Mob violence as an indicator of dysfunctional criminal justice system:-

✅The most important factor is there simply aren’t enough
policemen to police. By UN
standards, at current population levels, UP needs around a million police personnel. At present it has around 3, 00,000.

✅" Those who are there are not just overburdened and under-resourced, but their professional spine has been broken by casteism, corruption and frequent transfers.

✅ Besides being severely understaffed and starved of critical resources, the structure of policing, in a continuation of its colonial legacy, remains subservient to political
control.

✅" Political interference at every stage from investigation to prosecution ensures that the police is accountable not to the citizenry, but to the powerful political class who is in a
position to reprimand them.

✅Criminal justice system seeks largely to respond to the acts of violence itself, while leaving the causal factors unchecked.

✅Failure of police machinery:-
🔰" They consistently fail to lodge FIRs or charge sheets on time. In many cases,
allegations of collusion have been made against them. Poor investigation and reluctance of public prosecutors to pursue cases have resulted in bails for alleged culprits.

✅Conviction rates are abysmal.
🔰Witnesses turn hostile as a matter of routine with no adverse consequences.
🔰Forensic facilities are negligible.
🔰Prisons are overcrowded and more often than not, they serve as safe havens for
well-connected gangsters to run their empires from.

#security
#mains

Join @CSE_EXAM
@internal_security_upsc_mains

🔆India Semiconductor Mission

✅ Why in News: Government is focused on its important objective of building the overall semiconductor ecosystem and ensure that, it in-turn catalyses India’s rapidly expanding electronics manufacturing and innovation ecosystem.
✅A total outlay of INR 76,000 crore for the development of semiconductor and display manufacturing ecosystem in our country has been approved.
✅The programme aims to provide financial support to companies investing in semiconductors, display manufacturing and design ecosystem. This will serve to pave the way for India’s growing presence in the global electronics value chains.

✅India Semiconductor Mission (ISM) has been setup to formulate and drive India’s long term strategies for developing semiconductors and display manufacturing facilities and semiconductor design ecosystem.
🔸Will enable a multi-fold growth of Indian semiconductor design industry by providing requisite support in the form of Electronic Design Automation (EDA) tools, foundry services and other suitable mechanisms for early-stage startups.
🔸It will also promote and facilitate indigenous Intellectual Property (IP) generation and encourage, enable and incentivize Transfer of Technologies (ToT).
✅ISM will also enable collaborations and partnership programs with national and international agencies, industries and institutions for catalyzing collaborative research, commercialization and skill development.

▪️Significance of the Sector

✅Semiconductor chips are integral parts of the power train, chassis, safety systems, advanced driver assistance systems, and other parts of automobiles.
✅They are used more in passenger vehicles compared to commercial vehicles or two-wheelers
✅The move to electric vehicles has led to increased demand of chips. For example, a Ford Focus typically uses roughly 300 chips, whereas one of Ford’s new electric vehicles can have up to 3,000 chips
With supply of semiconductor chips slowing down, the production in automobile sector is also adversely impacted.

PIB

Join @PIB_UPSC
@upsc_4_economy

India Semiconductor Mission.pdf

🔆LI-FI

✅ Li-Fi, or light fidelity, is a Visible Light Communications (VLC) system.
✅ Unlike Wi-Fi, which uses radio waves, Li-Fi runs on visible light.
✅ It transmits data at terabits per second speeds — more than 100 times the speed of Wi-Fi.
✅ It accommodates a photo-detector to receive light signals and a signal processing element to convert the data into ‘stream-able’ content.

ADVANTAGES OF LIFI

✅ Li-Fi could make a huge impact on the internet of things, with data transferred at much higher levels with even more devices able to connect to one another.
✅ Due to its shorter range, Li-Fi is more secure than Wi-Fi.
✅ Li-Fi systems consume less power.

DISADVANTAGES OF LIFI

✅ Main challenge is to create a Li-Fi ecosystem, which will need conversion of existing smartphones into Li-Fi enabled ones by the use of a converter/adapter.
✅ Visual light can’t pass through opaque objects and needs line of sight for communication.
✅ Interference from external light sources, such as sunlight and bulbs.

POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS OF LIFI

✅ Li-Fi can be used in street & traffic lights. Traffic lights can communicate to vehicles and with each other.
✅Through use of Li-Fi, traffic control can be made intelligent and real-time adaptable. Each traffic and street light post can be converted into access points to convert roadsides into wireless hotspots.
✅ Vehicles having LED-based headlights and tail lamps can communicate with each other and prevent accidents by exchanging information.
✅ Visible light being safer, they can also be used in places where radio waves can’t be used such as petrochemical and nuclear plants and hospitals.
✅ They can be used in aircraft, where most of control communication is performed through radio waves.
✅ Li-Fi can easily work underwater, where Wi-Fi fails completely, thereby throwing open endless opportunities
for military & navigational operations.
✅ Transmitting power wirelessly, wherein smartphones will not only receive data through Li-Fi, but will also receive power to charge itself.

#science_and_technology
#prelims

Join @CSE_EXAM
@upsc_science_and_technology