Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs)
✅ Some tribes are identified as PVTGs due to their higher vulnerability among tribal groups, previously classified as primitive tribal groups.
✅Total Groups: 76 tribal groups designated as Special Backward Tribes by the Government of India. Odisha highest number of PVTGs
Most Vulnerable Groups:
✅ Shompen
✅ Sentinelese
✅ Jarawas of Andaman and Nicobar
✅ Bonda of Odisha
✅ Chola Naikkan of Kerala
✅ Abuj Madia of Chhattisgarh
✅ Birhors of Jharkhand
✅PVTGs have some basic characteristics - they are mostly homogenous, with a small
population, relatively physically isolated, social institutes cast in a simple mould, absence of written language, relatively simple technology and a slower rate of change etc.
✅ The Government of India follows the following criteria for identification of PVTGs:
i. Pre-agricultural level of technology
ii. Low level of literacy
iii. Economic backwardness
iv. A declining or stagnant population
- Historical Context:
✅Dhebar Commission (1973) introduced the category of Primitive Tribe, renamed to PVTG in 2006.
✅Forest Rights Law grants habitat area rights to these tribes by the Central Government.
✅In 2003, a committee chaired by Professor Virginia Xaxa advocated for PVTG habitat rights, based on the recommendation of the Student Task Force.
✅ Some tribes are identified as PVTGs due to their higher vulnerability among tribal groups, previously classified as primitive tribal groups.
✅Total Groups: 76 tribal groups designated as Special Backward Tribes by the Government of India. Odisha highest number of PVTGs
Most Vulnerable Groups:
✅ Shompen
✅ Sentinelese
✅ Jarawas of Andaman and Nicobar
✅ Bonda of Odisha
✅ Chola Naikkan of Kerala
✅ Abuj Madia of Chhattisgarh
✅ Birhors of Jharkhand
✅PVTGs have some basic characteristics - they are mostly homogenous, with a small
population, relatively physically isolated, social institutes cast in a simple mould, absence of written language, relatively simple technology and a slower rate of change etc.
✅ The Government of India follows the following criteria for identification of PVTGs:
i. Pre-agricultural level of technology
ii. Low level of literacy
iii. Economic backwardness
iv. A declining or stagnant population
- Historical Context:
✅Dhebar Commission (1973) introduced the category of Primitive Tribe, renamed to PVTG in 2006.
✅Forest Rights Law grants habitat area rights to these tribes by the Central Government.
✅In 2003, a committee chaired by Professor Virginia Xaxa advocated for PVTG habitat rights, based on the recommendation of the Student Task Force.
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India has three of these meteor impact craters:
1.Ramgarh in Rajasthan
2.Lonar in Maharashtra
3.Dhala in Madhya Pradesh.
Interestingly, these meteor impact craters are called Astroblemes.
When translated from Greek, they mean star wound
1.Ramgarh in Rajasthan
2.Lonar in Maharashtra
3.Dhala in Madhya Pradesh.
Interestingly, these meteor impact craters are called Astroblemes.
When translated from Greek, they mean star wound
👍26❤1
🔆Indian vulture:
✅The Indian vulture (Gyps indicus) is an Old-World vulture native to Asia.
✅They are also known as Indian long-billed vultures due to their comparatively longer beak.
✅It is a medium-sized and bulky scavenger feeding mostly on the carcasses of dead animals.
✅Females of this species are smaller than males.
✅Distribution: These are native to India, Pakistan, and Nepal.
✅Habitat: They are usually found in savannas and other open habitats around villages, cities, and near cultivated areas.
✅Threats: The Indian vulture has suffered a 97-99% population decrease due to poisoning caused by the veterinary drug This drug is toxic for vultures; it was given to working animals as it reduced joint pain and so kept them working for longer.
Conservation status
✅IUCN Red List: Critically Endangered
#species
#prelims
Join @CSE_EXAM
@Upsc_4_environment
✅The Indian vulture (Gyps indicus) is an Old-World vulture native to Asia.
✅They are also known as Indian long-billed vultures due to their comparatively longer beak.
✅It is a medium-sized and bulky scavenger feeding mostly on the carcasses of dead animals.
✅Females of this species are smaller than males.
✅Distribution: These are native to India, Pakistan, and Nepal.
✅Habitat: They are usually found in savannas and other open habitats around villages, cities, and near cultivated areas.
✅Threats: The Indian vulture has suffered a 97-99% population decrease due to poisoning caused by the veterinary drug This drug is toxic for vultures; it was given to working animals as it reduced joint pain and so kept them working for longer.
Conservation status
✅IUCN Red List: Critically Endangered
#species
#prelims
Join @CSE_EXAM
@Upsc_4_environment
👍13
#Goodmorning
⏳2 days for CSP24 [ 16-06-24]
⏳ 98 days for CSM24 [ 20-09-24]
⏳345 days left CSP25 [ 25-05-25]
⏳434 days left CSM25 [ 22-08-25]
⏳ -9 days mppsc pre 2024 ( 23 June 2024)
⏳ -108 days for 70th bpsc prelims (30 sept)
#Target
#TargetOnlyone
#Accountability
⏳2 days for CSP24 [ 16-06-24]
⏳ 98 days for CSM24 [ 20-09-24]
⏳345 days left CSP25 [ 25-05-25]
⏳434 days left CSM25 [ 22-08-25]
⏳ -9 days mppsc pre 2024 ( 23 June 2024)
⏳ -108 days for 70th bpsc prelims (30 sept)
#Target
#TargetOnlyone
#Accountability
👍8
Awaous Motla:
✅Awaous Motla is a fish species characterized by its vibrant yellow-colored body and distinctive fleshy upper lip.
✅This species was discovered in the Mahanadi River.
✅The discovery of Awaous Motla is a result of ongoing research efforts that are being funded by the Department of Science and Technology of the Odisha government.
✅Taxonomically, Awaous Motla belongs to the family ‘Awaous’ (Oxudercidae), hence its name ‘Awaous Motla.’
✅Awaous Motla is a fish species characterized by its vibrant yellow-colored body and distinctive fleshy upper lip.
✅This species was discovered in the Mahanadi River.
✅The discovery of Awaous Motla is a result of ongoing research efforts that are being funded by the Department of Science and Technology of the Odisha government.
✅Taxonomically, Awaous Motla belongs to the family ‘Awaous’ (Oxudercidae), hence its name ‘Awaous Motla.’
👍6
🔆Zaglossus attenboroughi
✅It is a kind of long-beaked echidna named for famed British naturalist David Attenborough.
✅Echidnas are nocturnal and shy, making them difficult to find at the best of times.
✅It had last been seen in 1961.
✅It is a member of the monotremes — an egg-laying group that separated from the rest of the mammal .
✅Habitat and Distribution: It is found in tropical montane forest, probably from lowland to montane elevations.
✅It lives in Cyclops Mountains in extreme northern Papua Province, Indonesia
✅They are the last vestiges of an ancient animal line.
✅List status : Listed as Critically Endangered
✅listed on Appendix II of CITES
#species
Join @upsc_4_Environment
✅It is a kind of long-beaked echidna named for famed British naturalist David Attenborough.
✅Echidnas are nocturnal and shy, making them difficult to find at the best of times.
✅It had last been seen in 1961.
✅It is a member of the monotremes — an egg-laying group that separated from the rest of the mammal .
✅Habitat and Distribution: It is found in tropical montane forest, probably from lowland to montane elevations.
✅It lives in Cyclops Mountains in extreme northern Papua Province, Indonesia
✅They are the last vestiges of an ancient animal line.
✅List status : Listed as Critically Endangered
✅listed on Appendix II of CITES
#species
Join @upsc_4_Environment
👍7
🔆The Muthuvan tribe:
✅These people live in the border hill forests of Kerala and Tamil Nadu.
✅They speak slightly different dialects and call each other Malayalam Muthuvan and Pandi Muthuvan.
✅They are animists and spirit worshippers and also worship the forest gods.
✅They believe that the spirits of their ancestors were the first migrants to the hill forests.
✅They are known for coexisting with wildlife with their traditional knowledge.
✅These tribal people follow a unique system of governance called the 'Kani System'.
Under this system, each village is headed by a 'Kani', who is responsible for the administration of the village.
✅They are experts in traditional medicines, which are extremely effective, and the medicine is kept confidentially and passed down through generations.
✅Occupation: Agriculture is the main occupation of these Muthuvan tribes, producing quite a number of products like ragi, cardamom and lemon grass.
#prelims
#tribes
#environment
#species
Join @CSE_EXAM
@Upsc_4_environment
✅These people live in the border hill forests of Kerala and Tamil Nadu.
✅They speak slightly different dialects and call each other Malayalam Muthuvan and Pandi Muthuvan.
✅They are animists and spirit worshippers and also worship the forest gods.
✅They believe that the spirits of their ancestors were the first migrants to the hill forests.
✅They are known for coexisting with wildlife with their traditional knowledge.
✅These tribal people follow a unique system of governance called the 'Kani System'.
Under this system, each village is headed by a 'Kani', who is responsible for the administration of the village.
✅They are experts in traditional medicines, which are extremely effective, and the medicine is kept confidentially and passed down through generations.
✅Occupation: Agriculture is the main occupation of these Muthuvan tribes, producing quite a number of products like ragi, cardamom and lemon grass.
#prelims
#tribes
#environment
#species
Join @CSE_EXAM
@Upsc_4_environment
👍15
🔆BASIC STRUCTURE DOCTRINE
✅Why in the news : Kesavananda Bharati judgement, 1973 which propounded the basic structure doctrine completed 50 years.
🔸13 judge bench - largest ever
✅Meaning : Certain features of the Constitution are so essential to it that they cannot be abrogated. (PYQ 1994)
✅ Judiciary decides what comes under basic structure
✅ NOT defined in the Constitution (no mention of the term “Basic Structure” anywhere in the constitution) (PYQ 2020)
✅ CANNOT be amended by special majority in the Parliament
✅Basic Structure includes : (Remember these 2 points. For other points, just think of a bill trying to remove that feature)
(i) Powers of SC under Articles - 32, 136, 141, 142
(ii) Powers of HC under Articles - 226, 227
✅Some principles that are presently part of the ‘Basic
Structure’ are stated below
✅sovereignty of India
✅essential features of the individual freedoms secured to the citizens
✅mandate to build a welfare state
✅supremacy of the Constitution
✅republican and democratic form of government
✅secular and federal character of the Constitution
✅separation of powers between the legislature, executive & the judiciary
✅unity and integrity of the nation
✅power of Judicial review
✅harmony & balance between FRs & DPSPs etc.
✅Parliamentary system
✅Rule of law
✅Principle of equality
✅Free and fair elections
✅Independence of Judiciary
✅Limited power of Parliament to amend the Constitution
✅Effective access to justice
✅Principles (or essence) underlying fundamental rights
✅Powers of the Supreme Court under Articles 32, 136, 141 & 142
✅ Powers of the High Courts under Articles 226 and 227
#polity
#pre_revise
JOIN @CSE_EXAM
@upsc_polity_Governance
✅Why in the news : Kesavananda Bharati judgement, 1973 which propounded the basic structure doctrine completed 50 years.
🔸13 judge bench - largest ever
✅Meaning : Certain features of the Constitution are so essential to it that they cannot be abrogated. (PYQ 1994)
Basics
✅ Judiciary decides what comes under basic structure
✅ NOT defined in the Constitution (no mention of the term “Basic Structure” anywhere in the constitution) (PYQ 2020)
✅ CANNOT be amended by special majority in the Parliament
✅Basic Structure includes : (Remember these 2 points. For other points, just think of a bill trying to remove that feature)
(i) Powers of SC under Articles - 32, 136, 141, 142
(ii) Powers of HC under Articles - 226, 227
Various elements of Basic Structure
✅Some principles that are presently part of the ‘Basic
Structure’ are stated below
✅sovereignty of India
✅essential features of the individual freedoms secured to the citizens
✅mandate to build a welfare state
✅supremacy of the Constitution
✅republican and democratic form of government
✅secular and federal character of the Constitution
✅separation of powers between the legislature, executive & the judiciary
✅unity and integrity of the nation
✅power of Judicial review
✅harmony & balance between FRs & DPSPs etc.
✅Parliamentary system
✅Rule of law
✅Principle of equality
✅Free and fair elections
✅Independence of Judiciary
✅Limited power of Parliament to amend the Constitution
✅Effective access to justice
✅Principles (or essence) underlying fundamental rights
✅Powers of the Supreme Court under Articles 32, 136, 141 & 142
✅ Powers of the High Courts under Articles 226 and 227
#polity
#pre_revise
JOIN @CSE_EXAM
@upsc_polity_Governance
👍15❤5
#Goodmorning
⏳ Tomorrow for CSP24 [ 16-06-24]
⏳ 97 days for CSM24 [ 20-09-24]
⏳344 days left CSP25 [ 25-05-25]
⏳433 days left CSM25 [ 22-08-25]
⏳ -8 days mppsc pre 2024 ( 23 June 2024)
⏳ -107 days for 70th bpsc prelims (30 sept)
#Target
#TargetOnlyone
#Accountability
⏳ Tomorrow for CSP24 [ 16-06-24]
⏳ 97 days for CSM24 [ 20-09-24]
⏳344 days left CSP25 [ 25-05-25]
⏳433 days left CSM25 [ 22-08-25]
⏳ -8 days mppsc pre 2024 ( 23 June 2024)
⏳ -107 days for 70th bpsc prelims (30 sept)
#Target
#TargetOnlyone
#Accountability
👍11❤2
🔆PM participates in the Outreach session on AI and energy
📍Key takeaways
✅India’s AI Mission "AI for All”
✅Global Partnership for AI.
✅NET ZERO by 2070.
✅Mission LiFE [Lifestyle for Environment].
✅Plantation campaign launched by him on World Environment Day – "Plant4Mother” [ Ek Pedh Maa Ke Naam]
✅Global South
✅AU - permanent member of G20
#gs3
#prelims
#pib
Join @PIB_UPSC
@CSE_EXAM
📍Key takeaways
✅India’s AI Mission "AI for All”
✅Global Partnership for AI.
✅NET ZERO by 2070.
✅Mission LiFE [Lifestyle for Environment].
✅Plantation campaign launched by him on World Environment Day – "Plant4Mother” [ Ek Pedh Maa Ke Naam]
✅Global South
✅AU - permanent member of G20
#gs3
#prelims
#pib
Join @PIB_UPSC
@CSE_EXAM
👍12❤1👌1
All the best for tomorrow’s CSP-2024 Paper
Tomorrow is the test of whatever you have given to this examination in the last one year or maybe more.
So first of all be Proud of yourself that you have dared to face this examination
Some suggestions:
1) A lot can change with confidence and active mind. It can easily decide whether one is getting 80 marks or 100 marks (difference of around 5 ques)
2) Don’t ever judge yourself while still giving your paper. Be in present and give 100%
3)Don’t rush towards the end of examination. 10 minutes is more than sufficient to solve 20-25 questions in 2nd or 3rd iteration/reading.
4) It is generally noticed that we miss the chances of our selection not because of tough questions but due to blunders that we do in easy questions (especially Polity and economy). So don’t rush in easy questions
5) Don’t match/analyse your answers during break, even if you are strong in CSAT. Take CSAT as seriously or may be more than the first paper.
6) I consider attempting around 50 questions in CSAT as best. Temptation to attempt more might lead to silly mistakes.
Also remember that if the paper is tough than it is tough for everyone. Questions are now generally asked to check your analytical skills and static knowledge.
Believe in yourself and take a good nap to remain most active during the vital hours of tomorrow.
Even if you are not able to sleep, in morning convince your mind that you have slept well and you are very active now. (Psychology can play a very important role sometimes)
All the best for the D-day !! 😇
Credit : Shubham Kumar [Rank-1, UPSC'20]
Tomorrow is the test of whatever you have given to this examination in the last one year or maybe more.
So first of all be Proud of yourself that you have dared to face this examination
Some suggestions:
1) A lot can change with confidence and active mind. It can easily decide whether one is getting 80 marks or 100 marks (difference of around 5 ques)
2) Don’t ever judge yourself while still giving your paper. Be in present and give 100%
3)Don’t rush towards the end of examination. 10 minutes is more than sufficient to solve 20-25 questions in 2nd or 3rd iteration/reading.
4) It is generally noticed that we miss the chances of our selection not because of tough questions but due to blunders that we do in easy questions (especially Polity and economy). So don’t rush in easy questions
5) Don’t match/analyse your answers during break, even if you are strong in CSAT. Take CSAT as seriously or may be more than the first paper.
6) I consider attempting around 50 questions in CSAT as best. Temptation to attempt more might lead to silly mistakes.
Also remember that if the paper is tough than it is tough for everyone. Questions are now generally asked to check your analytical skills and static knowledge.
Believe in yourself and take a good nap to remain most active during the vital hours of tomorrow.
Even if you are not able to sleep, in morning convince your mind that you have slept well and you are very active now. (Psychology can play a very important role sometimes)
All the best for the D-day !! 😇
Credit : Shubham Kumar [Rank-1, UPSC'20]
👍74❤26🙏9
Forwarded from UPSC previous year paper ( PYQ ) PDF
UPSC CSE 2024 Paper 1.pdf
6.5 MB
CSP-2024
Paper-1 (GS-1)
Paper-1 (GS-1)
❤14👍5👌5
🔆 Urban Heat Islands
✅ Urban Heat Islands (UHI) are urbanized areas that experience higher temperatures than outlying areas.
✅ Structures such as buildings, roads, and other infrastructure absorb and re-emit the sun’s heat more than natural landscapes such as forests and water bodies.
✅ Urban areas, where these structures are highly concentrated and greenery is limited,become “islands” of higher temperatures relative to outlying areas.
✅ It increases the demand for energy, leads to increased greenhouse gases emissions, discomforts human health and even affects the health of flora and fauna.
▪️The major factors responsible for UHI
✅ Anthropogenic heat
discharges
✅ Absorption of heat
✅ Urban geometry
✅ Greenhouse effect
✅Lack of vegetation
▪️Measures that can be taken to countering UHIs
✅ Promoting natural vegetation
✅ Use of appropriate surface material
✅ Use of white pavement instead of Asphalt
✅Providing appropriate landscape
#gs3
#mainsrevision
#mains_2023
Join @CSE_EXAM
@Upsc_4_environment
✅ Urban Heat Islands (UHI) are urbanized areas that experience higher temperatures than outlying areas.
✅ Structures such as buildings, roads, and other infrastructure absorb and re-emit the sun’s heat more than natural landscapes such as forests and water bodies.
✅ Urban areas, where these structures are highly concentrated and greenery is limited,become “islands” of higher temperatures relative to outlying areas.
✅ It increases the demand for energy, leads to increased greenhouse gases emissions, discomforts human health and even affects the health of flora and fauna.
▪️The major factors responsible for UHI
✅ Anthropogenic heat
discharges
✅ Absorption of heat
✅ Urban geometry
✅ Greenhouse effect
✅Lack of vegetation
▪️Measures that can be taken to countering UHIs
✅ Promoting natural vegetation
✅ Use of appropriate surface material
✅ Use of white pavement instead of Asphalt
✅Providing appropriate landscape
#gs3
#mainsrevision
#mains_2023
Join @CSE_EXAM
@Upsc_4_environment
👍9❤1❤🔥1🙏1
Forwarded from CSE EXAM ( UPSC prelims mains) CAPF
🔆Digitalisation of Agriculture in India
✅Aim: To empower the farmers by equipping them with information, services and facilities using digital technology.
✅Multifunctional Centre: At the Command Centre, it will be possible to see all the digital innovations being made in the agriculture sector by the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers’ Welfare on a big screen simultaneously at one place.
✅Digital Infrastructure in Agriculture : The digitalisation of agriculture describes integrating cutting-edge digital technology into the farm production system, including artificial intelligence (AI), robotics, uncrewed aviation systems, sensors, and communication networks.
Role of Digital Public Infrastructure for Agriculture in India
✅Assess Soil Health
✅Improvement in Crop Yeild
✅Use of Blockchain Technology
Benefits of Digital Agriculture
✅Increasing agriculture productivity and lowering production cost,
✅Inhibits soil degradation,
✅Lessening of chemical application in crop production,
✅Promoting effective and efficient use of water resources,
✅Uplifting socio-economic statuses of farmers,
✅Reducing environmental and ecological impacts,
✅Augmenting worker safety.
Challanges in Implementation of Digital Agriculture in India
✅Limited Digital Infrastructure
✅Digital Divide
✅Fragmented Agriculture Sector
✅Capacity Building
Government Initiatives
✅India Digital Ecosystem of Agriculture (IDEA)
✅National e-Governance Plan in Agriculture (NeGP-A)
✅National Agriculture Market (e-NAM)
✅PM KISAN Scheme
✅Integrated Scheme for Agricultural Marketing (AGMARKNET)
✅Mobile Apps by ICAR
#agriculture
#GS1
#GS3
Source PIB
JOIN @CSE_EXAM
@PIB_UPSC
👍13🔥2❤1👏1