Tax Revenues Distribution
✅ Article 268: Centre levies, states collect (e.g., stamp duties)
✅ Article 269: Centre levies, states collect and retain (e.g., inter-state trade taxes)
✅ Article 269A: GST, distributed as per Parliament's recommendation
✅ Article 270: Centre levies, distributed between Centre and States
✅ Article 271: Surcharge proceeds go exclusively to the Centre.
✅ Article 268: Centre levies, states collect (e.g., stamp duties)
✅ Article 269: Centre levies, states collect and retain (e.g., inter-state trade taxes)
✅ Article 269A: GST, distributed as per Parliament's recommendation
✅ Article 270: Centre levies, distributed between Centre and States
✅ Article 271: Surcharge proceeds go exclusively to the Centre.
🔆PraVaHa Software
✅The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) recently developed Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) software named PraVaHa.
✅Parallel RANS Solver for Aerospace Vehicle Aero-thermo-dynamic Analysis (PraVaHa) is a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) software developed in ISRO’s Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC).
✅It can simulate external and internal flows on launch vehicles, winged and non-winged re-entry vehicles.
✅PraVaHa has been extensively used in the Gaganyaan program for aerodynamic analysis of human-rated launch vehicles, viz, HLVM3, Crew Escape System (CES), and Crew Module (CM).
✅The software is secure and flexible enough to support collaborative development with academic institutions and government labs.
✅Currently, the PraVaHa code is operational to simulate airflow for Perfect Gas and Real Gas conditions.
✅Validations of the code are underway for simulating the effects of chemical reactions that occur during air dissociation upon ‘earth re-entry’ and ‘combustion’ as in scramjet vehicles.
✅PraVaHa is expected to replace most of the CFD simulations for aero characterisation, which are currently being carried out using commercial software.
#science_and_technology
Join @CSE_EXAM
@upsc_science_and_technology
✅The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) recently developed Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) software named PraVaHa.
✅Parallel RANS Solver for Aerospace Vehicle Aero-thermo-dynamic Analysis (PraVaHa) is a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) software developed in ISRO’s Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC).
✅It can simulate external and internal flows on launch vehicles, winged and non-winged re-entry vehicles.
✅PraVaHa has been extensively used in the Gaganyaan program for aerodynamic analysis of human-rated launch vehicles, viz, HLVM3, Crew Escape System (CES), and Crew Module (CM).
✅The software is secure and flexible enough to support collaborative development with academic institutions and government labs.
✅Currently, the PraVaHa code is operational to simulate airflow for Perfect Gas and Real Gas conditions.
✅Validations of the code are underway for simulating the effects of chemical reactions that occur during air dissociation upon ‘earth re-entry’ and ‘combustion’ as in scramjet vehicles.
✅PraVaHa is expected to replace most of the CFD simulations for aero characterisation, which are currently being carried out using commercial software.
#science_and_technology
Join @CSE_EXAM
@upsc_science_and_technology
#Goodmorning
⏳7 days for CSP24 [ 16-06-24]
⏳ 103 days for CSM24 [ 20-09-24]
⏳350 days left CSP25 [ 25-05-25]
⏳439 days left CSM25 [ 22-08-25]
⏳ -14 days mppsc pre 2024 ( 23 June 2024)
⏳ -113 days for 70th bpsc prelims (30 sept)
#Target
#TargetOnlyone
#Accountability
⏳7 days for CSP24 [ 16-06-24]
⏳ 103 days for CSM24 [ 20-09-24]
⏳350 days left CSP25 [ 25-05-25]
⏳439 days left CSM25 [ 22-08-25]
⏳ -14 days mppsc pre 2024 ( 23 June 2024)
⏳ -113 days for 70th bpsc prelims (30 sept)
#Target
#TargetOnlyone
#Accountability
🔆seamount
✅A seamount is an underwater mountain with steep sides rising from the seafloor.
✅When volcanoes form on the seafloor, they build up over time as they erupt volcanic lava that cools to become basalt.
✅If a volcano grows in height and volume enough to reach the ocean’s surface, it becomes a volcanic island.
Example: Islands of Hawaii
Guyot.
✅When a seamount breaches the sea surface, waves and other sub-aerial processes (wind, rainfall, weathering) will cause erosion of the volcano.
✅Over time, these processes will erode the flanks and top of the seamount/island, eventually forming a flat shelf to form a guyot.
▪️Significance of Seamounts
✅ The seamounts provide a hard substrate for marine organisms such as deep-sea corals and sponges to attach.
✅ It also provides vital habitat for marine invertebrates like brittle stars and squat lobsters to live on and act as nurseries for deep-sea fish.
✅ The seamounts also influence the flow of deeper waters, which results in the upwelling of nutrient-rich waters towards the sea surface.
✅A seamount is an underwater mountain with steep sides rising from the seafloor.
✅When volcanoes form on the seafloor, they build up over time as they erupt volcanic lava that cools to become basalt.
✅If a volcano grows in height and volume enough to reach the ocean’s surface, it becomes a volcanic island.
Example: Islands of Hawaii
Guyot.
✅When a seamount breaches the sea surface, waves and other sub-aerial processes (wind, rainfall, weathering) will cause erosion of the volcano.
✅Over time, these processes will erode the flanks and top of the seamount/island, eventually forming a flat shelf to form a guyot.
▪️Significance of Seamounts
✅ The seamounts provide a hard substrate for marine organisms such as deep-sea corals and sponges to attach.
✅ It also provides vital habitat for marine invertebrates like brittle stars and squat lobsters to live on and act as nurseries for deep-sea fish.
✅ The seamounts also influence the flow of deeper waters, which results in the upwelling of nutrient-rich waters towards the sea surface.
#Goodmorning
⏳6 days for CSP24 [ 16-06-24]
⏳ 102 days for CSM24 [ 20-09-24]
⏳349 days left CSP25 [ 25-05-25]
⏳438 days left CSM25 [ 22-08-25]
⏳ -13 days mppsc pre 2024 ( 23 June 2024)
⏳ -112 days for 70th bpsc prelims (30 sept)
#Target
#TargetOnlyone
#Accountability
⏳6 days for CSP24 [ 16-06-24]
⏳ 102 days for CSM24 [ 20-09-24]
⏳349 days left CSP25 [ 25-05-25]
⏳438 days left CSM25 [ 22-08-25]
⏳ -13 days mppsc pre 2024 ( 23 June 2024)
⏳ -112 days for 70th bpsc prelims (30 sept)
#Target
#TargetOnlyone
#Accountability
🔆Greater One Horned Rhino:
✅One Horned Rhino also known as Indian Rhino is a rhinoceros species native to the Indian subcontinent.
✅The Habitat of this species is restricted to small habitats in Indo-Nepal terai and northern West Bengal and Assam.
✅IUCN Red List: Vulnerable
✅CITES: Appendix I
✅Wildlife Protection Act, 1972: Schedule I
✅New Delhi Declaration on Asian Rhinos 2019: Under the declaration, India will collaborate with Bhutan, Nepal, Indonesia, and Malaysia for conservation and protection of three Asian rhino species-
✅Greater one-horned rhinoceros,
✅Javan rhinoceros( listed as Critically Endangered in the IUCN Red List) and
✅Sumatran rhinoceros (listed as Critically Endangered in the IUCN Red List).
#prelims
#species
Join @Upsc_4_environment
✅One Horned Rhino also known as Indian Rhino is a rhinoceros species native to the Indian subcontinent.
✅The Habitat of this species is restricted to small habitats in Indo-Nepal terai and northern West Bengal and Assam.
✅IUCN Red List: Vulnerable
✅CITES: Appendix I
✅Wildlife Protection Act, 1972: Schedule I
✅New Delhi Declaration on Asian Rhinos 2019: Under the declaration, India will collaborate with Bhutan, Nepal, Indonesia, and Malaysia for conservation and protection of three Asian rhino species-
✅Greater one-horned rhinoceros,
✅Javan rhinoceros( listed as Critically Endangered in the IUCN Red List) and
✅Sumatran rhinoceros (listed as Critically Endangered in the IUCN Red List).
#prelims
#species
Join @Upsc_4_environment
#Goodmorning
⏳5 days for CSP24 [ 16-06-24]
⏳ 101 days for CSM24 [ 20-09-24]
⏳348 days left CSP25 [ 25-05-25]
⏳437 days left CSM25 [ 22-08-25]
⏳ -12 days mppsc pre 2024 ( 23 June 2024)
⏳ -111 days for 70th bpsc prelims (30 sept)
#Target
#TargetOnlyone
#Accountability
⏳5 days for CSP24 [ 16-06-24]
⏳ 101 days for CSM24 [ 20-09-24]
⏳348 days left CSP25 [ 25-05-25]
⏳437 days left CSM25 [ 22-08-25]
⏳ -12 days mppsc pre 2024 ( 23 June 2024)
⏳ -111 days for 70th bpsc prelims (30 sept)
#Target
#TargetOnlyone
#Accountability
🔆Machine learning and Artificial intelligence technology hub
✅In a groundbreaking initiative, the Department of Science & Technology has joined forces with the Telangana government-led T-Hub to establish a unique Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence Technology Hub (MATH).
✅This collaboration aims to foster AI innovation, create job opportunities, and provide a conducive ecosystem for AI startups in India.
📍State-of-the-Art Facilities
✅T-Hub has dedicated an entire floor to MATH, which will be equipped with cutting-edge facilities to support AI and ML development. These include:
✅A mini data center with GPU capabilities
✅A world-class learning management system (LMS) tailored for AI education
✅Robust data infrastructure to support diverse AI applications
✅These facilities will provide startups, researchers, and students with the necessary tools and resources to drive AI and ML innovation
📍Nurturing AI Startups and Creating Jobs
✅MATH is positioning itself as the go-to destination for AI-driven initiatives across the country.
✅The center of excellence (CoE) has set ambitious targets to nurture over 150 startups per annum and generate more than 500 AI-related jobs by 2025.
✅By providing access to state-of-the-art compute infrastructure, AI skilling programs, data lakes, virtual connectivity to global AI ecosystems, and opportunities for patent conversion, MATH aims to become the ultimate destination for all things AI and ML.
✅The launch of MATH comes at a crucial time, as India’s AI market is experiencing significant growth. Estimates suggest that the market is growing at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 25-35% and is expected to reach $17 billion by 2027.
#science_and_technology
Join @CSE_EXAM
@upsc_science_and_technology
✅In a groundbreaking initiative, the Department of Science & Technology has joined forces with the Telangana government-led T-Hub to establish a unique Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence Technology Hub (MATH).
✅This collaboration aims to foster AI innovation, create job opportunities, and provide a conducive ecosystem for AI startups in India.
📍State-of-the-Art Facilities
✅T-Hub has dedicated an entire floor to MATH, which will be equipped with cutting-edge facilities to support AI and ML development. These include:
✅A mini data center with GPU capabilities
✅A world-class learning management system (LMS) tailored for AI education
✅Robust data infrastructure to support diverse AI applications
✅These facilities will provide startups, researchers, and students with the necessary tools and resources to drive AI and ML innovation
📍Nurturing AI Startups and Creating Jobs
✅MATH is positioning itself as the go-to destination for AI-driven initiatives across the country.
✅The center of excellence (CoE) has set ambitious targets to nurture over 150 startups per annum and generate more than 500 AI-related jobs by 2025.
✅By providing access to state-of-the-art compute infrastructure, AI skilling programs, data lakes, virtual connectivity to global AI ecosystems, and opportunities for patent conversion, MATH aims to become the ultimate destination for all things AI and ML.
✅The launch of MATH comes at a crucial time, as India’s AI market is experiencing significant growth. Estimates suggest that the market is growing at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 25-35% and is expected to reach $17 billion by 2027.
#science_and_technology
Join @CSE_EXAM
@upsc_science_and_technology
🔆Vampire Viruses:
✅They are pathogens that latch onto other viruses in order to replicate themselves.
✅They emerge when a bacteriophage attaches to a soil-based virus, utilising its "life" for independent survival.
✅This viral relationship between two pathogens is called a satellite and a helper.
✅The satellite is the infectious strand that relies on the helper for support through its life cycle.
✅Satellites depend on both their host organism and helper virus to complete its life cycle.
✅The satellite virus depends on the helper virus to build the protective shell that covers its genetic material, called a capsid or to help it replicate its DNA.
✅Most satellite viruses contain a gene that allows them to integrate into the host cell’s genetic material after they enter the cell.
✅This enables the satellite to reproduce whenever a helper enters the cell from then on.
✅The host cell also copies the satellite’s DNA and its own when it divides.
#science_and_technology
Join @CSE_EXAM
@upsc_science_and_technology
✅They are pathogens that latch onto other viruses in order to replicate themselves.
✅They emerge when a bacteriophage attaches to a soil-based virus, utilising its "life" for independent survival.
✅This viral relationship between two pathogens is called a satellite and a helper.
✅The satellite is the infectious strand that relies on the helper for support through its life cycle.
✅Satellites depend on both their host organism and helper virus to complete its life cycle.
✅The satellite virus depends on the helper virus to build the protective shell that covers its genetic material, called a capsid or to help it replicate its DNA.
✅Most satellite viruses contain a gene that allows them to integrate into the host cell’s genetic material after they enter the cell.
✅This enables the satellite to reproduce whenever a helper enters the cell from then on.
✅The host cell also copies the satellite’s DNA and its own when it divides.
#science_and_technology
Join @CSE_EXAM
@upsc_science_and_technology