Forwarded from CSE EXAM ( UPSC prelims mains) CAPF
Critical Minerals
✅ Definition: Critical Minerals - high economic vulnerability and supply chain risk
✅ Rare Earth (RE): 17 elements, divided into Light REE and Heavy REE
✅ Major Producers: Chile, Indonesia, Congo, China, Australia, South Africa
✅ India's RE Elements: Lanthanum, Cerium, Neodymium, Praseodymium, Samarium
✅ India's Reserve Status: 5th-largest rare earth reserves, double Australia's.
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✅ Definition: Critical Minerals - high economic vulnerability and supply chain risk
✅ Rare Earth (RE): 17 elements, divided into Light REE and Heavy REE
✅ Major Producers: Chile, Indonesia, Congo, China, Australia, South Africa
✅ India's RE Elements: Lanthanum, Cerium, Neodymium, Praseodymium, Samarium
✅ India's Reserve Status: 5th-largest rare earth reserves, double Australia's.
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#Goodmorning
⏳13 days for CSP24 [ 16-06-24]
⏳ 109 days for CSM24 [ 20-09-24]
⏳356 days left CSP25 [ 25-05-25]
⏳445 days left CSM25 [ 22-08-25]
⏳ -20 days mppsc pre 2024 ( 23 June 2024)
⏳ -119 days for 70th bpsc prelims (30 sept)
#Target
#TargetOnlyone
#Accountability
⏳13 days for CSP24 [ 16-06-24]
⏳ 109 days for CSM24 [ 20-09-24]
⏳356 days left CSP25 [ 25-05-25]
⏳445 days left CSM25 [ 22-08-25]
⏳ -20 days mppsc pre 2024 ( 23 June 2024)
⏳ -119 days for 70th bpsc prelims (30 sept)
#Target
#TargetOnlyone
#Accountability
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🔆DNA AND RNA
✅Genomic DNA: The complete set of genetic material in an organism, containing the instructions for the development, functioning, and reproduction of an organism.
✅Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): DNA found in the mitochondria, responsible for energy production within the cell, inherited maternally, and used in evolutionary studies.
✅Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): DNA found in chloroplasts, crucial for photosynthesis in plants, and used in plant evolutionary studies.
✅Messenger RNA (mRNA): Carries genetic information from DNA to the ribosome for protein synthesis, crucial for gene expression regulation.
✅Transfer RNA (tRNA): Transfers amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis, essential for translating the genetic code into proteins.
✅Ribosomal RNA (rRNA): Forms part of the ribosome and plays a vital role in protein synthesis.
✅Small Nuclear RNA (snRNA): Involved in RNA splicing, which is the process of removing introns from pre-mRNA to form mature mRNA.
✅MicroRNA (miRNA): Regulates gene expression by targeting specific mRNAs for degradation or by inhibiting their translation.
✅Long Non-Coding RNA (lncRNA): Regulates gene expression and various cellular processes without encoding proteins, implicated in diseases and development.
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🔆Article 14
✅Article 14: The state shall not deny to any person “equality before the law” or the “equal protection of the laws” within the territory of India.
Equality Before Law (British Origin + Negative connotation):
✅Absence of any special privileges in favour of any person;
✅ Equal subjection of all persons to ordinary law of land administered by ordinary law courts;
✅ No person is above the law.
Equal Protection of Law (American Origin + Positive notion):
✅ Equality of treatment under equal circumstances, both in privileges conferred and liabilities imposed by the laws;
✅ Similar application of the same laws to all persons who are similarly situated;
✅ Like should be treated alike without any discrimination.
✅The Supreme Court held that where equals and unequals are treated differently, Article 14 does not apply.
✅ Article 14 forbids class legislation, but it permits reasonable classification of persons, objects and transactions by the law (should not be arbitrary, artificial or evasive).
✅ Confers rights to all persons (citizens and foreigners) and includes Legal Persons.
✅ Rule of Law (by A V Dicey) (Basic feature of the Constitution): The concept of ‘Equality before Law’ is an element of the Rule of Law.
🔸 Rule of Law has 3 fundamental principles: The first and the second elements are applicable to the Indian System (the Constitution is the source of the individual rights)
🔸Absence of arbitrary power - applicable to the Indian System. [UPSC 2021]
🔸 Equality before the law - applicable to the Indian System.
✅Primacy of individual rights - Not applicable, as the constitution is the source of individual rights.
Exceptions to Equality:
✅ Art 361: The President of India and Governor enjoy few immunities.
✅ Art 361-A: No person is liable for any civil or criminal proceedings in any court in respect of publication in the newspaper (or by radio/television) of a substantially true report of any proceedings of Parliament or the state legislature.
✅ Art 105: Parliamentary privilege of members of Parliament.
✅ Art 194: Privileges of members of the state legislature in the legislature or any committee thereof.
✅ Art 31-C: SC held that where “Art 31-C comes in, Art 14 goes out”.
✅ It provides that the laws made by the state for implementing the directive principles contained in clause (b) or clause (c) of Article 39 cannot be challenged on the grounds that they are violative of Article 14.
✅ Foreign sovereigns and diplomats enjoy immunity from criminal and civil proceedings.
✅ The UNO and its agencies enjoy diplomatic immunity.
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#Goodmorning
⏳12 days for CSP24 [ 16-06-24]
⏳ 108 days for CSM24 [ 20-09-24]
⏳355 days left CSP25 [ 25-05-25]
⏳444 days left CSM25 [ 22-08-25]
⏳ -19 days mppsc pre 2024 ( 23 June 2024)
⏳ -118 days for 70th bpsc prelims (30 sept)
#Target
#TargetOnlyone
#Accountability
⏳12 days for CSP24 [ 16-06-24]
⏳ 108 days for CSM24 [ 20-09-24]
⏳355 days left CSP25 [ 25-05-25]
⏳444 days left CSM25 [ 22-08-25]
⏳ -19 days mppsc pre 2024 ( 23 June 2024)
⏳ -118 days for 70th bpsc prelims (30 sept)
#Target
#TargetOnlyone
#Accountability
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‘Not Defined’ terms in Constitution
✅ Domicile
✅ Minority
✅ Federalism
✅ Interim budget
✅ Untouchability
✅ budget
✅ Deputy prime minister
✅ Deputy minister
✅ Office of Profit
✅ Basic Structure
✅ Judicial Review
✅ Public Interest Litigation (PIL)
✅ Contempt of Court
✅ Reasonable Restriction
✅ Violation of Constitution
✅ Freedom of speech and expression
✅Welfare State
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#Goodmorning
⏳11 days for CSP24 [ 16-06-24]
⏳ 107 days for CSM24 [ 20-09-24]
⏳354 days left CSP25 [ 25-05-25]
⏳443 days left CSM25 [ 22-08-25]
⏳ -18 days mppsc pre 2024 ( 23 June 2024)
⏳ -117 days for 70th bpsc prelims (30 sept)
#Target
#TargetOnlyone
#Accountability
⏳11 days for CSP24 [ 16-06-24]
⏳ 107 days for CSM24 [ 20-09-24]
⏳354 days left CSP25 [ 25-05-25]
⏳443 days left CSM25 [ 22-08-25]
⏳ -18 days mppsc pre 2024 ( 23 June 2024)
⏳ -117 days for 70th bpsc prelims (30 sept)
#Target
#TargetOnlyone
#Accountability
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India’s FTA
✅India has signed 13 FTAs with various countries.
🔸These include Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bhutan, Thailand, Singapore, South Korea, Japan, Malaysia, Mauritius, United Arab Emirates and Australia.
✅Exports to countries/regions with which India shares trade agreements such as FTAs have registered a growth of 20.75% in the last five years.
Recent developments in FTAs of India:
✅ Innovative design: For the first time, India has included digital trade within the ambit of its FTA with UAE.
✅ Addressing NTBs: Recently, signed FTAs like Australia-India also address the non-tariv barriers (NTBs).
✅ Focus on the services sector: Previous agreements did not pave for a robust trade in services.
✅ Natural trading partners: The trade baskets of these nations show a good degree of complementarity, thus classifying them as natural trading partners.
✅ India-ASEAN FTA: India and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) have agreed to conclude the review of the existing FTA in goods by 2025.
#pre_revision
#economy
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@upsc_4_economy
✅India has signed 13 FTAs with various countries.
🔸These include Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bhutan, Thailand, Singapore, South Korea, Japan, Malaysia, Mauritius, United Arab Emirates and Australia.
✅Exports to countries/regions with which India shares trade agreements such as FTAs have registered a growth of 20.75% in the last five years.
Recent developments in FTAs of India:
✅ Innovative design: For the first time, India has included digital trade within the ambit of its FTA with UAE.
✅ Addressing NTBs: Recently, signed FTAs like Australia-India also address the non-tariv barriers (NTBs).
✅ Focus on the services sector: Previous agreements did not pave for a robust trade in services.
✅ Natural trading partners: The trade baskets of these nations show a good degree of complementarity, thus classifying them as natural trading partners.
✅ India-ASEAN FTA: India and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) have agreed to conclude the review of the existing FTA in goods by 2025.
#pre_revision
#economy
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Post Mauryan Architecture
✅With the decline of the Mauryan Empire several small dynasties rose to power. Among them, Shungas, Kanvas, Kushanas & Shakas in the north & Satvahanas, Ikshavakus, Abhiras, & Vakatakas in Southern & Western India gained prominence
✅The architecture in the form of rock-cut caves & stupas continued, with each dynasty introducing some unique features of their own
✅Similarly, different schools of sculpture emerged and the art of sculpture reached its climax in the post-Mauryan period
✅The construction of rock caves continued as in the Mauryan period.However, this period saw the development of 2 types of rock caves Chaitya and Viharas. Chaitya was a rectangular prayer hall with a stupa placed in the center, for the purpose of prayer & Viharas were used as the residences of the monks
✅Post Mauryan period stupas became larger.
✅Post Mauryan empire three prominent schools of the sculpture came into prominence in 3 different regions of India namely Gandhara, Mathura & Amravati schools
✅With the decline of the Mauryan Empire several small dynasties rose to power. Among them, Shungas, Kanvas, Kushanas & Shakas in the north & Satvahanas, Ikshavakus, Abhiras, & Vakatakas in Southern & Western India gained prominence
✅The architecture in the form of rock-cut caves & stupas continued, with each dynasty introducing some unique features of their own
✅Similarly, different schools of sculpture emerged and the art of sculpture reached its climax in the post-Mauryan period
✅The construction of rock caves continued as in the Mauryan period.However, this period saw the development of 2 types of rock caves Chaitya and Viharas. Chaitya was a rectangular prayer hall with a stupa placed in the center, for the purpose of prayer & Viharas were used as the residences of the monks
✅Post Mauryan period stupas became larger.
✅Post Mauryan empire three prominent schools of the sculpture came into prominence in 3 different regions of India namely Gandhara, Mathura & Amravati schools
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🔆LINGYAATs:
✅ founded by Basava in the 12th century.
✅Lingayat, also called Virashaiva, member of a Hindu sect with a wide following in southern India that worships Shiva as the only deity.
✅The followers take their name (“lingam-wearers”) from the small representations of a lingam, a votary object symbolizing Shiva.
✅ both the men and the women always wear hanging by a cord around their necks, in place of the sacred thread worn by most upper-caste Hindu men.
▪️Its Doctrine and Philosophy:
✅ Philosophically, their qualified monism and their conception of bhakti (devotion) as an intuitive and loving knowledge of God show the influence of the 11th–12th-century thinker Ramanuja.
✅Strongly opposed Brahmanical Hinduism.
✅ strongly anti-Brahmanical and opposed to worship of any image other than the lingam.
🔸 Against Caste System.
🔸 Rejected Authority of Vedas.
🔸 Rejected Transmigration of soul.
🔸 It was also kind of social reform movement and supported widow remarriage and opposed child marriage.
#PYQanalysis
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✅ founded by Basava in the 12th century.
✅Lingayat, also called Virashaiva, member of a Hindu sect with a wide following in southern India that worships Shiva as the only deity.
✅The followers take their name (“lingam-wearers”) from the small representations of a lingam, a votary object symbolizing Shiva.
✅ both the men and the women always wear hanging by a cord around their necks, in place of the sacred thread worn by most upper-caste Hindu men.
▪️Its Doctrine and Philosophy:
✅ Philosophically, their qualified monism and their conception of bhakti (devotion) as an intuitive and loving knowledge of God show the influence of the 11th–12th-century thinker Ramanuja.
✅Strongly opposed Brahmanical Hinduism.
✅ strongly anti-Brahmanical and opposed to worship of any image other than the lingam.
🔸 Against Caste System.
🔸 Rejected Authority of Vedas.
🔸 Rejected Transmigration of soul.
🔸 It was also kind of social reform movement and supported widow remarriage and opposed child marriage.
#PYQanalysis
Join @PRELIMS_TRICKS
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#Goodmorning
⏳10 days for CSP24 [ 16-06-24]
⏳ 106 days for CSM24 [ 20-09-24]
⏳353 days left CSP25 [ 25-05-25]
⏳442 days left CSM25 [ 22-08-25]
⏳ -17 days mppsc pre 2024 ( 23 June 2024)
⏳ -116 days for 70th bpsc prelims (30 sept)
#Target
#TargetOnlyone
#Accountability
⏳10 days for CSP24 [ 16-06-24]
⏳ 106 days for CSM24 [ 20-09-24]
⏳353 days left CSP25 [ 25-05-25]
⏳442 days left CSM25 [ 22-08-25]
⏳ -17 days mppsc pre 2024 ( 23 June 2024)
⏳ -116 days for 70th bpsc prelims (30 sept)
#Target
#TargetOnlyone
#Accountability
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🔆ISRO to boost NavIC, widen user base of location system
In News:
✅On the side-lines of the India Space Congress, the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) recently revealed its plans to expand the reach of NavIC (Navigation with Indian Constellation) beyond India and not to a limited territory around India.
✅ISRO is also working on a series of NavIC improvements to encourage more people to install and use it.
✅NavIC, also known as the Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS), is an independent stand-alone indigenous navigation satellite system developed by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO).
✅NAVIC was approved in 2006 and was expected to be completed by 2011, but only become operational in 2018.
✅NavIC, which consists of 7 satellites, covering the whole of India's landmass and up to 1,500 km from its boundaries, is conceived with the aim of removing dependence on foreign satellite systems for navigation, particularly for "strategic sectors.".
In News:
✅On the side-lines of the India Space Congress, the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) recently revealed its plans to expand the reach of NavIC (Navigation with Indian Constellation) beyond India and not to a limited territory around India.
✅ISRO is also working on a series of NavIC improvements to encourage more people to install and use it.
✅NavIC, also known as the Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS), is an independent stand-alone indigenous navigation satellite system developed by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO).
✅NAVIC was approved in 2006 and was expected to be completed by 2011, but only become operational in 2018.
✅NavIC, which consists of 7 satellites, covering the whole of India's landmass and up to 1,500 km from its boundaries, is conceived with the aim of removing dependence on foreign satellite systems for navigation, particularly for "strategic sectors.".
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🔆Buddhist Terminology
✅Pratyeka Buddhas: Beings who have attained enlightenment without guidance but have not taught it to the world.
✅Arhat: Who have achieved Nirvana.
✅Bodhisattva: Abeing about to become Buddha shows charity and helper of man.
✅Sramanas/Bhikshu: Buddhist monks.
✅Upasakas: Lay followers.
✅Mahaparinirvana: Final blowing out, death.
✅Arya-Atthangikamagga: Noble eight-fold path.
✅Ashtamahasthanas: Eight holy places.
✅Tathagata: One of the titles of Buddha.
✅Prajna Parimita : Female deity of perfection and insight associated with Mahayana.
✅Anatta: Soullessness.
✅Samnera: Buddhist monks before being introduced into sangha as full-fledged member.
✅Paramita: 10 percepts (vows) observed by monks.
✅Pratimoksa: Rules of 150 articles (a part of Vinay Pitaka).
✅Skandhakas: Monastic rules.
✅Poshadha: Fortnightly meeting in Sanghas.
✅Siddha: Perfected being in Vajrayana.
✅Sakra: Gold identical with Indra used by the monks.
✅Sangha: Buddhist order.
✅Vassa: Retreat during rainy season by the monks.
✅Sangharam: Resting place for monks.
✅Vihara: Buddhist monastery.
✅Pravajya: Initial ordination for old and experienced monks.
✅Sramanas: Buddhist monks, in general.
✅Upajjhaya: Spiritual leader.
✅Sanketas: Four noble truths.
✅Upasotha/Roya: Days of fast on full moon, new moon and two quarter moon days in a month.
✅Chaitya: Temples of Buddhists.
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✅Pratyeka Buddhas: Beings who have attained enlightenment without guidance but have not taught it to the world.
✅Arhat: Who have achieved Nirvana.
✅Bodhisattva: Abeing about to become Buddha shows charity and helper of man.
✅Sramanas/Bhikshu: Buddhist monks.
✅Upasakas: Lay followers.
✅Mahaparinirvana: Final blowing out, death.
✅Arya-Atthangikamagga: Noble eight-fold path.
✅Ashtamahasthanas: Eight holy places.
✅Tathagata: One of the titles of Buddha.
✅Prajna Parimita : Female deity of perfection and insight associated with Mahayana.
✅Anatta: Soullessness.
✅Samnera: Buddhist monks before being introduced into sangha as full-fledged member.
✅Paramita: 10 percepts (vows) observed by monks.
✅Pratimoksa: Rules of 150 articles (a part of Vinay Pitaka).
✅Skandhakas: Monastic rules.
✅Poshadha: Fortnightly meeting in Sanghas.
✅Siddha: Perfected being in Vajrayana.
✅Sakra: Gold identical with Indra used by the monks.
✅Sangha: Buddhist order.
✅Vassa: Retreat during rainy season by the monks.
✅Sangharam: Resting place for monks.
✅Vihara: Buddhist monastery.
✅Pravajya: Initial ordination for old and experienced monks.
✅Sramanas: Buddhist monks, in general.
✅Upajjhaya: Spiritual leader.
✅Sanketas: Four noble truths.
✅Upasotha/Roya: Days of fast on full moon, new moon and two quarter moon days in a month.
✅Chaitya: Temples of Buddhists.
#pre_revision
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🔆The Largest Lakes (surface area) by Continent
✅Australia – Lake Eyre (salt lake)
✅Africa – Lake Victoria, also the third-largest freshwater lake on Earth. It is one of the Great Lakes of Africa.
✅Antarctica – Lake Vostok (subglacial)
✅Asia – Lake Baikal (if the Caspian Sea is considered a lake, it is the largest in Eurasia, but is divided between the two geographic continents)
✅Europe – Lake Ladoga, followed by Lake Onega, both located in northwestern Russia.
✅North America – Lake Superior.
✅South America – Lake Titicaca, which is also the highest navigable body of water on Earth at 3,812 metres above sea level. The much larger Lake Maracaibo is a contiguous body of water with the sea, so it is ignored. ,
#prelims
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✅Australia – Lake Eyre (salt lake)
✅Africa – Lake Victoria, also the third-largest freshwater lake on Earth. It is one of the Great Lakes of Africa.
✅Antarctica – Lake Vostok (subglacial)
✅Asia – Lake Baikal (if the Caspian Sea is considered a lake, it is the largest in Eurasia, but is divided between the two geographic continents)
✅Europe – Lake Ladoga, followed by Lake Onega, both located in northwestern Russia.
✅North America – Lake Superior.
✅South America – Lake Titicaca, which is also the highest navigable body of water on Earth at 3,812 metres above sea level. The much larger Lake Maracaibo is a contiguous body of water with the sea, so it is ignored. ,
#prelims
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