🔆Sweet sorghum
✅Sweet sorghum is a hardy, nutritious, biofuel crop that offers solutions in drought-hit southern Africa because of El-Nino phenomenon.
Sweet sorghum:
✅It is the most important millet crop occupying largest area among the cereals next to rice.
✅One of the key characteristics of sweet sorghum varieties is their drought resistance. It allows them to enter a dormant state during extended periods of dryness and resume growth afterwards.
📍Required climatic conditions
✅The crop does not prefer high rainfall as high soil moisture or continuous heavy rain after flowering may hamper sugar increase.
✅All soils that have medium depth with good drainage are suited.
✅Depending on the soil (red, black, laterite and loamy) and its depth water requirement may vary which in turn decide the suitability of the crop.
📍Unique features of Sorghum
✅It has ability to withstand low water and nitrogen inputs, as well as its tolerance for salinity and drought stress, makes it an ideal crop for farmers in arid regions.
✅Research has shown that, under intense water scarcity conditions, sweet sorghum makes use of its stalk juice to supplement its plant needs.
✅It is used in food industry and its stalk is used for the production of value-added products like ethanol, syrup and jaggery and bioenriched bagasse as a fodder and as a base material for cogeneration.
✅It can produce grains, animal feed and sugary juice, making it unique among crops.
✅The grains from sweet sorghum are prepared as steamed bread or porridge malt for traditional beer, as well as in commercial beer production across the continent.
✅Sweet sorghum is a hardy, nutritious, biofuel crop that offers solutions in drought-hit southern Africa because of El-Nino phenomenon.
Sweet sorghum:
✅It is the most important millet crop occupying largest area among the cereals next to rice.
✅One of the key characteristics of sweet sorghum varieties is their drought resistance. It allows them to enter a dormant state during extended periods of dryness and resume growth afterwards.
📍Required climatic conditions
✅The crop does not prefer high rainfall as high soil moisture or continuous heavy rain after flowering may hamper sugar increase.
✅All soils that have medium depth with good drainage are suited.
✅Depending on the soil (red, black, laterite and loamy) and its depth water requirement may vary which in turn decide the suitability of the crop.
📍Unique features of Sorghum
✅It has ability to withstand low water and nitrogen inputs, as well as its tolerance for salinity and drought stress, makes it an ideal crop for farmers in arid regions.
✅Research has shown that, under intense water scarcity conditions, sweet sorghum makes use of its stalk juice to supplement its plant needs.
✅It is used in food industry and its stalk is used for the production of value-added products like ethanol, syrup and jaggery and bioenriched bagasse as a fodder and as a base material for cogeneration.
✅It can produce grains, animal feed and sugary juice, making it unique among crops.
✅The grains from sweet sorghum are prepared as steamed bread or porridge malt for traditional beer, as well as in commercial beer production across the continent.
Forwarded from CSE EXAM ( UPSC prelims mains)
Critical Minerals
✅ Definition: Critical Minerals - high economic vulnerability and supply chain risk
✅ Rare Earth (RE): 17 elements, divided into Light REE and Heavy REE
✅ Major Producers: Chile, Indonesia, Congo, China, Australia, South Africa
✅ India's RE Elements: Lanthanum, Cerium, Neodymium, Praseodymium, Samarium
✅ India's Reserve Status: 5th-largest rare earth reserves, double Australia's.
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✅ Definition: Critical Minerals - high economic vulnerability and supply chain risk
✅ Rare Earth (RE): 17 elements, divided into Light REE and Heavy REE
✅ Major Producers: Chile, Indonesia, Congo, China, Australia, South Africa
✅ India's RE Elements: Lanthanum, Cerium, Neodymium, Praseodymium, Samarium
✅ India's Reserve Status: 5th-largest rare earth reserves, double Australia's.
Join @CSE_EXAM
#Goodmorning
⏳13 days for CSP24 [ 16-06-24]
⏳ 109 days for CSM24 [ 20-09-24]
⏳356 days left CSP25 [ 25-05-25]
⏳445 days left CSM25 [ 22-08-25]
⏳ -20 days mppsc pre 2024 ( 23 June 2024)
⏳ -119 days for 70th bpsc prelims (30 sept)
#Target
#TargetOnlyone
#Accountability
⏳13 days for CSP24 [ 16-06-24]
⏳ 109 days for CSM24 [ 20-09-24]
⏳356 days left CSP25 [ 25-05-25]
⏳445 days left CSM25 [ 22-08-25]
⏳ -20 days mppsc pre 2024 ( 23 June 2024)
⏳ -119 days for 70th bpsc prelims (30 sept)
#Target
#TargetOnlyone
#Accountability
#Goodmorning
⏳12 days for CSP24 [ 16-06-24]
⏳ 108 days for CSM24 [ 20-09-24]
⏳355 days left CSP25 [ 25-05-25]
⏳444 days left CSM25 [ 22-08-25]
⏳ -19 days mppsc pre 2024 ( 23 June 2024)
⏳ -118 days for 70th bpsc prelims (30 sept)
#Target
#TargetOnlyone
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⏳12 days for CSP24 [ 16-06-24]
⏳ 108 days for CSM24 [ 20-09-24]
⏳355 days left CSP25 [ 25-05-25]
⏳444 days left CSM25 [ 22-08-25]
⏳ -19 days mppsc pre 2024 ( 23 June 2024)
⏳ -118 days for 70th bpsc prelims (30 sept)
#Target
#TargetOnlyone
#Accountability
#Goodmorning
⏳11 days for CSP24 [ 16-06-24]
⏳ 107 days for CSM24 [ 20-09-24]
⏳354 days left CSP25 [ 25-05-25]
⏳443 days left CSM25 [ 22-08-25]
⏳ -18 days mppsc pre 2024 ( 23 June 2024)
⏳ -117 days for 70th bpsc prelims (30 sept)
#Target
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#Accountability
⏳11 days for CSP24 [ 16-06-24]
⏳ 107 days for CSM24 [ 20-09-24]
⏳354 days left CSP25 [ 25-05-25]
⏳443 days left CSM25 [ 22-08-25]
⏳ -18 days mppsc pre 2024 ( 23 June 2024)
⏳ -117 days for 70th bpsc prelims (30 sept)
#Target
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India’s FTA
✅India has signed 13 FTAs with various countries.
🔸These include Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bhutan, Thailand, Singapore, South Korea, Japan, Malaysia, Mauritius, United Arab Emirates and Australia.
✅Exports to countries/regions with which India shares trade agreements such as FTAs have registered a growth of 20.75% in the last five years.
Recent developments in FTAs of India:
✅ Innovative design: For the first time, India has included digital trade within the ambit of its FTA with UAE.
✅ Addressing NTBs: Recently, signed FTAs like Australia-India also address the non-tariv barriers (NTBs).
✅ Focus on the services sector: Previous agreements did not pave for a robust trade in services.
✅ Natural trading partners: The trade baskets of these nations show a good degree of complementarity, thus classifying them as natural trading partners.
✅ India-ASEAN FTA: India and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) have agreed to conclude the review of the existing FTA in goods by 2025.
#pre_revision
#economy
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@upsc_4_economy
✅India has signed 13 FTAs with various countries.
🔸These include Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bhutan, Thailand, Singapore, South Korea, Japan, Malaysia, Mauritius, United Arab Emirates and Australia.
✅Exports to countries/regions with which India shares trade agreements such as FTAs have registered a growth of 20.75% in the last five years.
Recent developments in FTAs of India:
✅ Innovative design: For the first time, India has included digital trade within the ambit of its FTA with UAE.
✅ Addressing NTBs: Recently, signed FTAs like Australia-India also address the non-tariv barriers (NTBs).
✅ Focus on the services sector: Previous agreements did not pave for a robust trade in services.
✅ Natural trading partners: The trade baskets of these nations show a good degree of complementarity, thus classifying them as natural trading partners.
✅ India-ASEAN FTA: India and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) have agreed to conclude the review of the existing FTA in goods by 2025.
#pre_revision
#economy
Join @CSE_EXAM
@upsc_4_economy
Post Mauryan Architecture
✅With the decline of the Mauryan Empire several small dynasties rose to power. Among them, Shungas, Kanvas, Kushanas & Shakas in the north & Satvahanas, Ikshavakus, Abhiras, & Vakatakas in Southern & Western India gained prominence
✅The architecture in the form of rock-cut caves & stupas continued, with each dynasty introducing some unique features of their own
✅Similarly, different schools of sculpture emerged and the art of sculpture reached its climax in the post-Mauryan period
✅The construction of rock caves continued as in the Mauryan period.However, this period saw the development of 2 types of rock caves Chaitya and Viharas. Chaitya was a rectangular prayer hall with a stupa placed in the center, for the purpose of prayer & Viharas were used as the residences of the monks
✅Post Mauryan period stupas became larger.
✅Post Mauryan empire three prominent schools of the sculpture came into prominence in 3 different regions of India namely Gandhara, Mathura & Amravati schools
✅With the decline of the Mauryan Empire several small dynasties rose to power. Among them, Shungas, Kanvas, Kushanas & Shakas in the north & Satvahanas, Ikshavakus, Abhiras, & Vakatakas in Southern & Western India gained prominence
✅The architecture in the form of rock-cut caves & stupas continued, with each dynasty introducing some unique features of their own
✅Similarly, different schools of sculpture emerged and the art of sculpture reached its climax in the post-Mauryan period
✅The construction of rock caves continued as in the Mauryan period.However, this period saw the development of 2 types of rock caves Chaitya and Viharas. Chaitya was a rectangular prayer hall with a stupa placed in the center, for the purpose of prayer & Viharas were used as the residences of the monks
✅Post Mauryan period stupas became larger.
✅Post Mauryan empire three prominent schools of the sculpture came into prominence in 3 different regions of India namely Gandhara, Mathura & Amravati schools
🔆LINGYAATs:
✅ founded by Basava in the 12th century.
✅Lingayat, also called Virashaiva, member of a Hindu sect with a wide following in southern India that worships Shiva as the only deity.
✅The followers take their name (“lingam-wearers”) from the small representations of a lingam, a votary object symbolizing Shiva.
✅ both the men and the women always wear hanging by a cord around their necks, in place of the sacred thread worn by most upper-caste Hindu men.
▪️Its Doctrine and Philosophy:
✅ Philosophically, their qualified monism and their conception of bhakti (devotion) as an intuitive and loving knowledge of God show the influence of the 11th–12th-century thinker Ramanuja.
✅Strongly opposed Brahmanical Hinduism.
✅ strongly anti-Brahmanical and opposed to worship of any image other than the lingam.
🔸 Against Caste System.
🔸 Rejected Authority of Vedas.
🔸 Rejected Transmigration of soul.
🔸 It was also kind of social reform movement and supported widow remarriage and opposed child marriage.
#PYQanalysis
Join @PRELIMS_TRICKS
✅ founded by Basava in the 12th century.
✅Lingayat, also called Virashaiva, member of a Hindu sect with a wide following in southern India that worships Shiva as the only deity.
✅The followers take their name (“lingam-wearers”) from the small representations of a lingam, a votary object symbolizing Shiva.
✅ both the men and the women always wear hanging by a cord around their necks, in place of the sacred thread worn by most upper-caste Hindu men.
▪️Its Doctrine and Philosophy:
✅ Philosophically, their qualified monism and their conception of bhakti (devotion) as an intuitive and loving knowledge of God show the influence of the 11th–12th-century thinker Ramanuja.
✅Strongly opposed Brahmanical Hinduism.
✅ strongly anti-Brahmanical and opposed to worship of any image other than the lingam.
🔸 Against Caste System.
🔸 Rejected Authority of Vedas.
🔸 Rejected Transmigration of soul.
🔸 It was also kind of social reform movement and supported widow remarriage and opposed child marriage.
#PYQanalysis
Join @PRELIMS_TRICKS
#Goodmorning
⏳10 days for CSP24 [ 16-06-24]
⏳ 106 days for CSM24 [ 20-09-24]
⏳353 days left CSP25 [ 25-05-25]
⏳442 days left CSM25 [ 22-08-25]
⏳ -17 days mppsc pre 2024 ( 23 June 2024)
⏳ -116 days for 70th bpsc prelims (30 sept)
#Target
#TargetOnlyone
#Accountability
⏳10 days for CSP24 [ 16-06-24]
⏳ 106 days for CSM24 [ 20-09-24]
⏳353 days left CSP25 [ 25-05-25]
⏳442 days left CSM25 [ 22-08-25]
⏳ -17 days mppsc pre 2024 ( 23 June 2024)
⏳ -116 days for 70th bpsc prelims (30 sept)
#Target
#TargetOnlyone
#Accountability