🔆 Exercise Pacific Reach 2025 (XPR-25)

📍 About the Exercise
✅ Type: Biennial multinational submarine rescue exercise.
✅ Host Nation: Singapore.
✅ Participants: Over 40 countries, including India.

#cse #prelims

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📍 RRBs Current Status & Performance (as of March)
✅ Number of RRBs: 43, sponsored by 12 Scheduled Commercial Banks.
✅ Sponsorship: All PSBs except Punjab & Sind Bank sponsor at least one; J&K Bank is the only private sponsor.
✅ PSL Leadership: 89% of total lending directed toward priority sectors.
✅ Role in Financial Inclusion:
• PMJDY accounts: 18.5% share
• PMSBY enrolments: 13.3% share
• PM-Kisan beneficiaries: 16.9% share

#mains #cse

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🔆 Philippines – Earthquake & Key Facts

📍 Recent Event
✅ A 6.9 magnitude earthquake struck the Philippines, located in the seismically active Pacific “Ring of Fire.”

📍 Political Features
✅ Capital: Manila
✅ Region: Island nation in Southeast Asia, western Pacific Ocean
✅ Surrounding Seas:
• Philippine Sea (East)
• Celebes Sea (South)
• Sulu Sea (Southwest)
• South China Sea (West & North)

📍 Geographical Features
✅ Highest Point: Mount Apo
✅ Major Rivers: Cagayan (Río Grande de Cagayán), Mindanao, Agusan
✅ Climate: Tropical & Monsoonal — hot, humid, and typhoon-prone.

#Geography

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🔆 The Chandella Dynasty (10th–13th Century CE)

📍 Territory & Capitals
✅ Ruled over Bundelkhand (Jejakabhukti)
✅ Capitals: Khajuraho, Kalanjara, and Mahoba

📍 Prominent Rulers
✅ Nannuka (831–845 CE): Founder; ruled as a Pratihara feudatory.
✅ Dhanga (950–999 CE): Established Chandella sovereignty; ruled over Chedi, Kalinjar, and Gwalior.
✅ Vidyadhar (1003–1035 CE): Repelled Ghaznavid invasions and expanded Chandella power to its peak.

📍 Decline
✅ Ghaznavid raids (1020s) weakened the empire.
✅ Kalachuris occupied Chandella territories for nearly four decades.
✅ Parmardi (1165–1203 CE): Lost territory to Prithviraj Chauhan and later faced invasion by Qutb-ud-din Aibak.
✅ Dynasty survived another century but with reduced influence.

📍 Cultural Contributions
✅ Built the world-famous Khajuraho Temples, including the Kandariya Mahadev Temple — a pinnacle of Nagara-style architecture and sculpture.

#history

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🔆 23 October 2025 – Current Affairs Round-Up

📍 RBI JUNCTION
✅ RBI “State of the Economy” Report says India remains resilient but not immune to global headwinds — prepared under Deputy Governor Poonam Gupta.
✅ RBI sold $1.7B in August 2025 to arrest rupee’s fall — ₹88.89 per USD on Sept 23; YTD depreciation ~4.6%.

📍 BANKING & FINANCIAL
✅ UPI transactions surge to ₹94,000 cr daily in October, up 13% from ₹82,991 cr in Sept — highest-ever single-day record on Diwali Eve.
✅ Transaction Volume: 754M; Value: ₹1.02 lakh cr; Avg daily transactions: 695M (↑ from 654M in Sept).

📍 INTERNATIONAL
✅ Tuvalu joins IUCN as the 90th Member State.

📍 NATIONAL
✅ India ranks 9th globally in forest area, retaining 3rd spot in annual forest gain – FAO Global Forest Report.
✅ SOAR (Skilling for AI Readiness) – India’s new push for AI-driven education & upskilling, launched by MSDE (Jul 2025); ₹7,500 cr allocated in Union Budget 2025–26.
✅ PSA Office releases AI Paybooks for Agriculture, SMEs & White Papers to boost responsible AI adoption — by Ajay Kumar Sood, PSA to Govt of India.
✅ India’s renewable energy capacity rises fivefold to 197 GW since 2014; target 500 GW non-fossil by 2030.
✅ UDAN Scheme completes 9 years, facilitating 1.56 cr passengers across India since 2016; VGF ₹4,300 cr.
✅ S&P Report: India’s policy reforms & funding drive rapid green energy transition in South Asia; added 35 GW renewable capacity in 2025 (Jan–Sept).
✅ India upgrades Kabul mission to full embassy status, strengthening diplomatic presence in Afghanistan.
✅ India & UK launch Ramanujan Fellowship for young scientists to foster research links.
✅ India surpasses $20B in AI investments, cementing global leadership in digital innovation.

📍 DEFENCE
✅ INS Solhyaradi joins India–Japan Maritime Exercise (JIMEX 25) near Kyushu, Japan.
✅ Indian Navy Commanders’ Conference 2025 begins in New Delhi to review maritime preparedness.

📍 MoUs
✅ Indian Army signs MoU with Delhi Technological University for defence R&D collaboration.
✅ Naval Group & Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders extend MoU to enhance submarine export cooperation.
✅ IUCN & IRENA sign MoU to promote renewable energy & biodiversity protection.
✅ IIT-BHU inks MoU with 39 Gorkha Training Centre to strengthen defence innovation.

📍 STATES
✅ Gujaratis worldwide celebrate Bestu Varash 2025 (Gujarati New Year).
✅ Goa CM Pramod Sawant unveils logo & anthem for FIDE Chess World Cup 2025 — India hosts event after 23 years.
✅ Goa Govt introduces Chess in school & college curricula to nurture young players.
✅ New Odonate species discovered in Silent Valley National Park, Kerala.

📍 APPOINTMENTS
✅ Shantha Rangaswamy elected first woman President of the Indian Cricketers’ Association (ICA).

📍 AWARDS
✅ Neeraj Chopra conferred Honorary Rank of Lieutenant Colonel in the Indian Army.

#CurrentAffairs

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🔆 Surrogacy (Regulation) Act, 2021

📍 Objective:
✅ Regulates surrogacy in India to prevent exploitation and ensure ethical, altruistic surrogacy only.

📍 Key Points:
✅ Only altruistic surrogacy allowed; commercial surrogacy banned & punishable.
✅ Intending couple: Married Indians (Wife 23–50 yrs, Husband 26–55 yrs), with no living/adopted child.
✅ Surrogate mother: Married, 25–35 yrs, with at least one biological child.
✅ Child’s rights: Surrogate child = biological & legal child of the intending couple.

#Polity #GS2 #cse

🔆 Decline in Sunshine over India

✅ North Indian Plains: Sharpest decline — −13.1 hrs/year.
✅ Northeast Region: Stable sunshine due to weather patterns & Twomey effect (aerosols make clouds brighter, reflecting more sunlight).
✅ Cause: Solar dimming from rising aerosol emissions → smaller, long-lived cloud droplets → prolonged overcast skies.

#Environment #cse

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🔆 RBI Measures to Boost International Use of Indian Rupee (INR)

📍 Objective
✅ To promote internationalisation of the Rupee — enabling its use for global trade and financial transactions.

📍 Key Measures
✅ 1. INR Loans to Non-Residents:
Authorised dealer banks and their overseas branches can now lend in INR to residents of Bhutan, Nepal, and Sri Lanka (including banks).

✅ 2. Transparent Reference Rates:
Financial Benchmarks India Ltd (FBIL) to develop reference rates for INR against major global currencies.
Currently available for USD, Euro, Yen, and Pound Sterling.

✅ 3. Wider Use of SRVAs (Special Rupee Vostro Accounts):
Surplus SRVA balances can now be invested in corporate bonds and commercial papers (earlier limited to govt. securities).

📍 About SRVA
✅ A Special Rupee Vostro Account is an account held by a foreign bank with an Indian bank to settle trade in INR directly, bypassing the US dollar.

#economy #cse #mains

@CSE_EXAM

🔆 Centre Withdraws Approval for Animal Protein-Based Biostimulants

📍 Context:
✅ The Central Government has withdrawn approval for animal protein-based biostimulants citing religious and dietary sensitivities.

📍 About Biostimulants
✅ Definition: Substances or microorganisms that enhance plant growth by improving nutrient uptake, efficiency, and resilience to abiotic stresses (like drought, salinity, or heat).
✅ Examples: Humic acids, seaweed extracts, liquid manure compost, beneficial bacteria & fungi.
✅ Category: Officially distinct from fertilisers and insecticides, as they promote growth through biological stimulation rather than direct nutrient supply.

#Geography #cse #mains

🔆 Chola Art & Architecture

📍 Temple Architecture (Dravidian Style)
✅ Brihadeshvara Temple, Thanjavur – Built by Rajaraja I.
✅ Gangaikonda Cholapuram Temple – Built by Rajendra I to celebrate northern victories.
✅ Airavatesvara Temple, Darasuram – Built by Rajaraja II, famous for intricate sculptures.

📍 Bronze Sculptures
✅ Chola bronze (lost-wax) sculptures are masterpieces.
✅ Most iconic: Nataraja – Shiva in cosmic dance, symbolizing creation & destruction.

📍 Literature
✅ Thevaram – Shaivite devotional hymns by Appar, Sambandar, Sundarar.
✅ Periyapuranam – Biography of 63 Nayanmars, compiled by Sekkizhar (12th century).
✅ Kamban’s Ramavataram (Kamba Ramayanam) – Tamil translation of Ramayana.

#prelims
#art_and_culture

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🔆 Trade & Commerce in the Chola Empire

📍 Infrastructure & Industry
✅ Peruvazhis – Major trunk roads facilitated trade.
✅ Silk-weaving in Kanchipuram – Guild-based industry with residential colonies for weavers.

📍 Merchant & Artisan Guilds
✅ Ayyavole 500 (Ainutruvar) & Manigramam – Powerful regional & international trade guilds.
✅ Idangai Guilds – Artisan & merchant groups for large-scale production.
✅ Nagaram – Local guilds in commercial hubs like Kanchipuram & Mamallapuram.

📍 Trading Communities
✅ Gavundas – Landowning traders.
✅ Anjuvannam – Maritime traders (Jews, Christians, Muslims).
✅ Valanjiyar – Long-distance overseas traders.

📍 Foreign Trade
✅ Strong ties with China, Sumatra, Java, Arabia.
✅ Imported Arabian horses to strengthen cavalry.

#history

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