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UKPSC

🔆 RFID Technology: Smart Tracking for Modern India

📍 Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) uses electromagnetic fields to identify and track tags attached to objects — enabling real-time inventory and data collection.

✅ EXAMPLE: FASTag uses RFID to auto-deduct tolls while a vehicle is in motion.

📘 Applications of RFID:
✅ Army Asset Tracking – Improves tracking of military equipment and assets
✅ Retail & Supply Chain – Tracks inventory, reduces theft, boosts customer service
✅ Access Control – Used in parking lots, event security, smart IDs
✅ Medical & Hospitals – Tracks medical records, monitors condition of patients
✅ Automation in Manufacturing – Tracks parts, tools, and machines in real-time
✅ Animal Tracking – RFID tags used to monitor livestock health and behavior

📘 Significance of RFID:
✅ Enhanced Tracking – Real-time monitoring of assets across sectors
✅ Increased Safety – Reduces errors by automating validation (e.g. in hospitals)
✅ Streamlined Operations – Simplifies complex workflows (e.g. logistics)
✅ Inventory Cost Reduction – Optimizes stock levels, prevents overholding
✅ Better Livestock Management – Tracks animal movement, migration
✅ Higher Productivity – Aids decision-making, speeds up processes

📘 Challenges:
✅ High Initial Costs – Expensive setup for small organizations
✅ Technical Issues – Interference from liquids or metals
✅ Privacy Concerns – Sensitive tracking data may be exploited
✅ Compatibility Issues – Global standardization remains poor

#prelims #GS3
#science_and_technology
#science_technology

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🔆 Global Ocean Heat Content (OHC) – Climate Indicator

📍 Definition: Total heat absorbed & stored in oceans, measured at various depths.

✅ Key Facts
• Oceans absorb 90% of excess global heat.
• Atlantic, Pacific, and Southern Oceans warm faster than global average.
• Since 1980s, OHC has doubled/tripled (2023 study).

✅ Significance
• Drives sea level rise, alters weather, disrupts ecosystems, and strengthens cyclones.
• A stable climate change indicator beyond surface temperatures.

#Geography

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🔆 India & Climate Change: Key Data with Sources

📍 Climate Stats

✅ India’s GHG Emissions – 10% of global emissions, 3rd largest emitter (after China 30% & USA 15%)
Source: Down to Earth

✅ India’s per capita CO2 = 2.4 tonnes (vs global avg 6.3) – lowest among major economies
– USA = 16.5 t, China = 10 t, EU = 7 t
Source: Global Carbon Project

✅ Sector-wise GHG in India – Energy 75%, Agriculture 15%, Industries 8%, Waste 3%
Source: NITI Aayog

✅ India 7th most vulnerable nation to climate-induced extreme weather
Source: Global Climate Risk Index

✅ Climate change-induced extreme weather causes losses = 0.5% of India’s GDP annually
Source: WMO

✅ ~1 billion children globally under extreme climate risk
Source: UNICEF

✅ India’s CO2 emissions from fossil fuels to rise 4.6% in 2024 – highest among major economies
Source: Global Carbon Project

✅ Earth has warmed by 1.1°C vs preindustrial; World emits ~40 Gt CO₂/year
Source: IPCC 6th Assessment Report (AR6)

✅ Carbon budget:
– For 1.5°C = 500 Gt (breach ~2030s)
– For 2°C = 1350 Gt (breach ~2050s)
Source: IPCC AR6

✅ India ranks 7th globally on Climate Action, only G20 nation on track for Paris targets
Source: Climate Change Performance Index 2024

✅ Even with current NDCs, warming may exceed 3°C
Source: Emissions Gap Report 2023

✅ Adaptation finance needs = 10–18× higher than current flow
Source: Adaptation Gap Report 2023

✅ India needs ₹10 trillion investment for net-zero by 2070
Source: CEEW

✅ Only 16% of past carbon credits led to real emission cuts
Source: Nature Journal

📍 Additional Insights:

✅ Global carbon budget for 1.5°C = 400–500 Gt CO₂ left since 2020; World emits ~40 Gt/year
Source: IPCC AR6

✅ India’s GHG emissions rose by over 6% in 2023 vs 2022
Source: UNEP Emissions Report

✅ Top 10% richest emit 20× more CO₂ per person than bottom 10%; they account for ~50% of total emissions
Source: World Inequality Database

✅ Climate change intensified global water cycle by 7.4% → more extreme droughts/floods
Source: Nature Journal

✅ Trees & soil CO₂ absorption fell 20% since 2015 due to climate change
Source: UNCCD Report

#Data #GS3 #GS1 #mains #environment #essay

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@UPSC_FACTS

📍 Nehru Report: Key Highlights (1928)
✅ Dominion Status within the British Empire with a parliamentary system
✅ Bicameral legislature: A Senate and a House of Representatives
✅ Governor-General to act solely on the advice of the Executive Council
✅ Federal structure, with residuary powers resting with the Centre
✅ No separate electorates for minorities to curb communal divisions
✅ No communal weightage system to be applied in any province
✅ No reserved seats for Muslims in Punjab and Bengal; only in select provinces if necessary
✅ Judiciary to remain independent of Executive interference
✅ Muslim representation at the Centre to be fixed at 25%
✅ Sindh to be separated from Bombay Presidency, if financially viable
✅ Political reforms to extend to the North-West Frontier Province (NWFP)

#history #prelims

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🔆 External Migration: A Double-Edged Sword

📍Migration brings economic benefits but also social challenges.

✅ Positive Impacts
• Remittances boost economy: India received over $100 billion recently.
• Employment generation abroad: Eases pressure on local job markets.
• Skill transfer: Returnees bring global expertise (e.g., IT professionals).
• Improved living standards: Better access to health and education.
• Cultural exposure: Enhances language, awareness, global ties.
• Diplomatic leverage: Diaspora strengthens India’s global influence.

❌ Negative Impacts
• Brain drain: Skilled youth, especially STEM grads, migrate.
• Family disruption: Long separation causes emotional stress.
• Regional imbalance: Punjab, Kerala over-dependent on remittances.
• Worker exploitation: Many face wage theft, legal issues abroad.
• Remittance dependency: Economic shocks like COVID-19 hit hard.
• Cultural erosion: Identity conflicts among migrant youth.

#geography #society

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