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🔆 Vigyan Dhara Scheme
✅The Union Cabinet recently approved the continuation of three umbrella schemes merged into a unified central sector scheme called “Vigyan Dhara” under the Department of Science and Technology (DST).
📍Vigyan Dhara Scheme:
✅It is a new central sector scheme unifying three umbrella schemes of the Department of Science and Technology (DST).
✅The scheme has three broad components:
🔰Science and Technology (S&T) Institutional and Human Capacity Building,
🔰Research and Development and
🔰Innovation, Technology Development and Deployment.
✅These three schemes have been merged into the unified scheme ‘Vigyan Dhara’
✅This initiative, managed by the Department of Science and Technology (DST), is designed to enhance India's S&T capabilities through a streamlined approach.
✅The proposed outlay for the implementation of the unified scheme ‘Vigyan Dhara’ is 10,579.84 crore during the 15th Finance Commission period from 2021-22 to 2025-26.
✅The merger of the schemes into a single scheme would enhance efficiency in fund utilization and establish synchronization among the sub-schemes/programs.
✅The primary objective of the 'Vigyan Dhara' scheme is to promote S&T capacity building as well as research, innovation, and technology development towards strengthening the Science, Technology and Innovation ecosystem in the country.
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✅The Union Cabinet recently approved the continuation of three umbrella schemes merged into a unified central sector scheme called “Vigyan Dhara” under the Department of Science and Technology (DST).
📍Vigyan Dhara Scheme:
✅It is a new central sector scheme unifying three umbrella schemes of the Department of Science and Technology (DST).
✅The scheme has three broad components:
🔰Science and Technology (S&T) Institutional and Human Capacity Building,
🔰Research and Development and
🔰Innovation, Technology Development and Deployment.
✅These three schemes have been merged into the unified scheme ‘Vigyan Dhara’
✅This initiative, managed by the Department of Science and Technology (DST), is designed to enhance India's S&T capabilities through a streamlined approach.
✅The proposed outlay for the implementation of the unified scheme ‘Vigyan Dhara’ is 10,579.84 crore during the 15th Finance Commission period from 2021-22 to 2025-26.
✅The merger of the schemes into a single scheme would enhance efficiency in fund utilization and establish synchronization among the sub-schemes/programs.
✅The primary objective of the 'Vigyan Dhara' scheme is to promote S&T capacity building as well as research, innovation, and technology development towards strengthening the Science, Technology and Innovation ecosystem in the country.
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🔆What is Alpkarakush kyrgyzicus?
✅A new dinosaur species named Alpkarakush kyrgyzicus has been recently discovered, which walked the region of Kyrgyzstan in Central Asia around 165 million years ago.
📍Alpkarakush kyrgyzicus:
✅It is a new species of large theropod dinosaur discovered in the Middle Jurassic Balabansai formation in the northern part of the Fergana Depression, Kyrgyzstan.
✅It roamed our planet during the Callovian age of the Jurassic period between 165 and 161 million years ago.
✅The ancient predator was 7 to 8 m in body length, and had an extremely protruding ‘eyebrow’ on the so-called postorbital bone, a skull bone behind the eye opening, which indicates the presence of a horn at this point.
✅It belongs toMetriacanthosauridae, a group of medium-to large-sized allosauroid theropod dinosaurs that are characterized by high arched skulls, plate-like elongate neural spines, and slender hindlimbs.
✅Theropod dinosaurs are one of the most important large groups of dinosaurs, including well-known predators such as Tyrannosaurus and Allosaurus, as well as modern birds.
✅Alpkarakush kyrgyzicus is also the first large Jurassic predatory dinosaur ever unearthed between central Europe and East Asia.
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✅A new dinosaur species named Alpkarakush kyrgyzicus has been recently discovered, which walked the region of Kyrgyzstan in Central Asia around 165 million years ago.
📍Alpkarakush kyrgyzicus:
✅It is a new species of large theropod dinosaur discovered in the Middle Jurassic Balabansai formation in the northern part of the Fergana Depression, Kyrgyzstan.
✅It roamed our planet during the Callovian age of the Jurassic period between 165 and 161 million years ago.
✅The ancient predator was 7 to 8 m in body length, and had an extremely protruding ‘eyebrow’ on the so-called postorbital bone, a skull bone behind the eye opening, which indicates the presence of a horn at this point.
✅It belongs toMetriacanthosauridae, a group of medium-to large-sized allosauroid theropod dinosaurs that are characterized by high arched skulls, plate-like elongate neural spines, and slender hindlimbs.
✅Theropod dinosaurs are one of the most important large groups of dinosaurs, including well-known predators such as Tyrannosaurus and Allosaurus, as well as modern birds.
✅Alpkarakush kyrgyzicus is also the first large Jurassic predatory dinosaur ever unearthed between central Europe and East Asia.
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BIMSTEC :
✅BIMSTEC is a regional organization established in 1997, comprising seven member countries located in the Bay of Bengal region i.e. Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Myanmar, Nepal, Sri Lanka, and Thailand.
✅The BIMSTEC region hosts 22% of the world population or 1.68 billion people; and the member states have a combined GDP of US$3.697 trillion/per year.
✅Principles Of BIMSTEC : Based on respect for the principle of sovereign equality, territorial integrity, political independence, non-interference
in internal affairs, non-aggression, peaceful co-existence, mutual respect and mutual benefit.
Importance Of Bimstec For INDIA :
✅ In Align with ‘Act East’ Policy
✅ Environment and Disaster Management via link between BIMSTEC countries through Tsunami Early Warning Centre.
✅ Strategic Location as India's north eastern states share borders with BIMSTEC member countries.
✅ Connectivity and Infrastructure Development: Examples:
🔸 Kaladan Multimodal Project – links India and Myanmar,
🔸Asian Trilateral Highway - connecting India and Thailand through Myanmar,
🔸Bangladesh-Bhutan-India-
Nepal (BBIN) Motor Vehicles Agreement - for seamless flow of passenger and cargo traffic.
✅ Counterterrorism and Security Cooperation
✅ Maritime Security and Blue Economy
✅ Regional Integration and Influence
ISSUES :
✅A lack of efficiency and “sluggish” pace of BIMSTEC’s progress.
✅ Inadequate Funds and manpower assistance for its operational works.
✅ No Coastal Shipment
✅ India’s percentage of annual trade with it as a percentage of its total foreign trade was just 4%(2020).PRAHAAR
✅ Lack of Mutual Cooperation and Trust
✅ Inconsistency In Summits
✅ Finalizing the BIMSTEC Free Trade Agreement (FTA), which has been under negotiation since 2004.
✅ Implementing the BIMSTEC Master Plan on Transport Connectivity (BMPTC), which was adopted in 2020.
✅ Strengthening the cooperation in the energy sector, especially in the field of renewable energy and natural gas.
✅ Enhancing the cooperation in the security sector, especially in combating terrorism, extremism, drug trafficking and cybercrime.
✅ Promoting the people-to-people exchanges and cultural ties among BIMSTEC countries.
#IR
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✅BIMSTEC is a regional organization established in 1997, comprising seven member countries located in the Bay of Bengal region i.e. Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Myanmar, Nepal, Sri Lanka, and Thailand.
✅The BIMSTEC region hosts 22% of the world population or 1.68 billion people; and the member states have a combined GDP of US$3.697 trillion/per year.
✅Principles Of BIMSTEC : Based on respect for the principle of sovereign equality, territorial integrity, political independence, non-interference
in internal affairs, non-aggression, peaceful co-existence, mutual respect and mutual benefit.
Importance Of Bimstec For INDIA :
✅ In Align with ‘Act East’ Policy
✅ Environment and Disaster Management via link between BIMSTEC countries through Tsunami Early Warning Centre.
✅ Strategic Location as India's north eastern states share borders with BIMSTEC member countries.
✅ Connectivity and Infrastructure Development: Examples:
🔸 Kaladan Multimodal Project – links India and Myanmar,
🔸Asian Trilateral Highway - connecting India and Thailand through Myanmar,
🔸Bangladesh-Bhutan-India-
Nepal (BBIN) Motor Vehicles Agreement - for seamless flow of passenger and cargo traffic.
✅ Counterterrorism and Security Cooperation
✅ Maritime Security and Blue Economy
✅ Regional Integration and Influence
ISSUES :
✅A lack of efficiency and “sluggish” pace of BIMSTEC’s progress.
✅ Inadequate Funds and manpower assistance for its operational works.
✅ No Coastal Shipment
✅ India’s percentage of annual trade with it as a percentage of its total foreign trade was just 4%(2020).PRAHAAR
✅ Lack of Mutual Cooperation and Trust
✅ Inconsistency In Summits
✅ Finalizing the BIMSTEC Free Trade Agreement (FTA), which has been under negotiation since 2004.
✅ Implementing the BIMSTEC Master Plan on Transport Connectivity (BMPTC), which was adopted in 2020.
✅ Strengthening the cooperation in the energy sector, especially in the field of renewable energy and natural gas.
✅ Enhancing the cooperation in the security sector, especially in combating terrorism, extremism, drug trafficking and cybercrime.
✅ Promoting the people-to-people exchanges and cultural ties among BIMSTEC countries.
#IR
#mains
Join @CSE_EXAM
@upsc_4_ir
#Goodmorning
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⏳ 23 days for CSM24 [ 20-09-24]
⏳88 days IFoS Mains 2024 ( 24 nov )
⏳270 days left CSP25 [ 25-05-25]
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🔆Macrophages:
✅Macrophages are a type of white blood cell that plays an important role in the human immune system.
✅They carry out various functions, including engulfing and digesting microorganisms, clearing out debris and dead cells, and stimulating other cells involved in immune function.
✅The term macrophage is formed by the combination of the Greek terms "makro" meaning big, and "phagein" meaning eat.
📍Formation:
✅Macrophages form from monocytes, which themselves derive from the bone marrow.
✅Monocytes circulate through the blood for one to three days before migrating into tissues, where they become macrophages or dendritic cells(i.e., a type of antigen presenting cell that plays a role in linking the innate and adaptive immunity).
✅Macrophages can be found within many organs in the body, including the liver, brain, bones, and lungs, as well as in the blood, particularly at sites of infection.
✅They are essential for the maintenance and defence of host tissues, doing so by sensing and engulfing particulate matterand, when necessary, initiating a pro-inflammatory response.
✅They can modify themselves to form different structuresin order to fight various different microbes and invaders.
✅In this way, macrophages provide the first line of defense in protecting the host from infection.
✅They are also involved in the development of non-specific or innate immunity.
✅This type of immunity is a long-term immunity which is acquired when a macrophage ingests a microbe and presents the microbe's antigen on its surface to alert other white blood cells to the presence of the invading particle.
✅Other white blood cells then multiply and amount an immune response against the pathogen.
✅Macrophages produce a variety of cytokines, which are signaling molecules that communicate with other cells of the immune system.
✅Macrophages may have different names according to where they function in the body.
✅For example, macrophages present in the brain are termed microglia, and in the liver sinusoids, they are called Kupffer cells.
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✅Macrophages are a type of white blood cell that plays an important role in the human immune system.
✅They carry out various functions, including engulfing and digesting microorganisms, clearing out debris and dead cells, and stimulating other cells involved in immune function.
✅The term macrophage is formed by the combination of the Greek terms "makro" meaning big, and "phagein" meaning eat.
📍Formation:
✅Macrophages form from monocytes, which themselves derive from the bone marrow.
✅Monocytes circulate through the blood for one to three days before migrating into tissues, where they become macrophages or dendritic cells(i.e., a type of antigen presenting cell that plays a role in linking the innate and adaptive immunity).
✅Macrophages can be found within many organs in the body, including the liver, brain, bones, and lungs, as well as in the blood, particularly at sites of infection.
✅They are essential for the maintenance and defence of host tissues, doing so by sensing and engulfing particulate matterand, when necessary, initiating a pro-inflammatory response.
✅They can modify themselves to form different structuresin order to fight various different microbes and invaders.
✅In this way, macrophages provide the first line of defense in protecting the host from infection.
✅They are also involved in the development of non-specific or innate immunity.
✅This type of immunity is a long-term immunity which is acquired when a macrophage ingests a microbe and presents the microbe's antigen on its surface to alert other white blood cells to the presence of the invading particle.
✅Other white blood cells then multiply and amount an immune response against the pathogen.
✅Macrophages produce a variety of cytokines, which are signaling molecules that communicate with other cells of the immune system.
✅Macrophages may have different names according to where they function in the body.
✅For example, macrophages present in the brain are termed microglia, and in the liver sinusoids, they are called Kupffer cells.
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🔆Economic Nationalism :
✅ The president has called for ‘economic nationalism’ for India's growth, urging the import of only essential goods to safeguard foreign exchange and jobs. The government champions 'Vocal for Local' as integral to self-reliance, echoing the Swadeshi movement.
Renowned economic thinkers hold diverse views on economic nationalism:
✅ Adam Smith: Supported free trade and specialization for overall economic welfare.
✅ Friedrich List: Advocated protective tariffs and government intervention to foster domestic industries and national strength.
✅ John Maynard Keynes: Favored international cooperation and trade for global economic stability.
✅ Dadabhai Naoroji: Emphasized self-reliance and economic empowerment for India's development, supporting domestic industries.
✅ M. Visvesvaraya: Advocated for industrialization and economic self-sufficiency to strengthen India's economy.
Issues with economic nationalism include:
✅Trade Barriers: Tariffs and trade barriers can trigger trade wars, reducing global trade and harming businesses.
✅ Inefficiency: Shielding domestic industries can lead to inefficiencies and lower-quality products.
✅ Resource Misallocation: Prioritizing domestic industries can lead to misallocation of resources, hindering growth.
✅ Geopolitical Tensions: Economic nationalism can strain international relations and cooperation.
✅Global Economic Instability: Restrictions on trade and investment can disrupt global markets, leading to instability.
#economy
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✅ The president has called for ‘economic nationalism’ for India's growth, urging the import of only essential goods to safeguard foreign exchange and jobs. The government champions 'Vocal for Local' as integral to self-reliance, echoing the Swadeshi movement.
Renowned economic thinkers hold diverse views on economic nationalism:
✅ Adam Smith: Supported free trade and specialization for overall economic welfare.
✅ Friedrich List: Advocated protective tariffs and government intervention to foster domestic industries and national strength.
✅ John Maynard Keynes: Favored international cooperation and trade for global economic stability.
✅ Dadabhai Naoroji: Emphasized self-reliance and economic empowerment for India's development, supporting domestic industries.
✅ M. Visvesvaraya: Advocated for industrialization and economic self-sufficiency to strengthen India's economy.
Issues with economic nationalism include:
✅Trade Barriers: Tariffs and trade barriers can trigger trade wars, reducing global trade and harming businesses.
✅ Inefficiency: Shielding domestic industries can lead to inefficiencies and lower-quality products.
✅ Resource Misallocation: Prioritizing domestic industries can lead to misallocation of resources, hindering growth.
✅ Geopolitical Tensions: Economic nationalism can strain international relations and cooperation.
✅Global Economic Instability: Restrictions on trade and investment can disrupt global markets, leading to instability.
#economy
#mains
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@upsc_4_economy
1801974205.pdf
682.3 KB
UKPSC Prelims result
Cabinet approves 12 Industrial nodes/cities under National Industrial Corridor Development Programme (NICDP) with an estimated investment of Rs. 28,602 crore
✅ Spanning across 10 states and strategically planned along 6 major corridors, these projects represent a significant leap forward in India's quest to enhance its manufacturing capabilities and economic growth
✅NICDP is designed to foster a vibrant industrial ecosystem by facilitating investments from both large anchor industries and Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs)
✅ The new industrial cities will be developed as greenfield smart cities of global standards, built "ahead of demand" on the 'plug-n-play' and 'walk-to-work' concepts
✅ Aligned with the PM GatiShakti National Master Plan, the projects will feature multi-modal connectivity infrastructure, ensuring seamless movement of people, goods, and services
✅ NICDP is expected to generate significant employment opportunities, with an estimated 1 million direct jobs and upto 3 million indirect jobs being created through planned industrialization
✅ Spanning across 10 states and strategically planned along 6 major corridors, these projects represent a significant leap forward in India's quest to enhance its manufacturing capabilities and economic growth
✅NICDP is designed to foster a vibrant industrial ecosystem by facilitating investments from both large anchor industries and Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs)
✅ The new industrial cities will be developed as greenfield smart cities of global standards, built "ahead of demand" on the 'plug-n-play' and 'walk-to-work' concepts
✅ Aligned with the PM GatiShakti National Master Plan, the projects will feature multi-modal connectivity infrastructure, ensuring seamless movement of people, goods, and services
✅ NICDP is expected to generate significant employment opportunities, with an estimated 1 million direct jobs and upto 3 million indirect jobs being created through planned industrialization
#Goodmorning
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⏳ 22 days for CSM24 [ 20-09-24]
⏳87 days IFoS Mains 2024 ( 24 nov )
⏳269 days left CSP25 [ 25-05-25]
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🔆PARIVESH 2.0 Portal:
✅PARIVESH 2.0 (Pro-Active and Responsive facilitation by Interactive, Virtuous, and Environmental Single Window Hub) is a web-based workflow application developed by the Union Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) for the online submission and monitoring of proposals related to environmental, forest, wildlife, and coastal regulation zone clearances.
✅Many living specimens of exotic animal species listed in Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972 are in possession of various individuals, organizations and zoos.
✅These living specimens of exotic animals listed under Schedule IV of the Act are to be reported and registered by the concerned individuals, organizations and zoos.
✅The registration of these exotic animal species is to be done in the PARIVESH 2.0 portal.
✅PARIVESH 2.0 (Pro-Active and Responsive facilitation by Interactive, Virtuous, and Environmental Single Window Hub) is a web-based workflow application developed by the Union Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) for the online submission and monitoring of proposals related to environmental, forest, wildlife, and coastal regulation zone clearances.
✅Many living specimens of exotic animal species listed in Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972 are in possession of various individuals, organizations and zoos.
✅These living specimens of exotic animals listed under Schedule IV of the Act are to be reported and registered by the concerned individuals, organizations and zoos.
✅The registration of these exotic animal species is to be done in the PARIVESH 2.0 portal.
🔆Reclining Buddha
✅ A reclining Buddha is an image that represents Buddha lying down and is a major iconographic theme in Buddhist art.
✅ It represents the historical Buddha during his last illness, about to enter the parinirvana.
✅ He is lying on his right side, his head resting on a cushion or relying on his right elbow, supporting his head with his hand.
Cave No. 26 of the UNESCO World Heritage Site of Ajanta contains a 24-foot-long and nine-foot-tall sculpture of the Reclining Buddha, believed to have been carved in the 5th century AD.
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#pre_revision
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✅ A reclining Buddha is an image that represents Buddha lying down and is a major iconographic theme in Buddhist art.
✅ It represents the historical Buddha during his last illness, about to enter the parinirvana.
✅ He is lying on his right side, his head resting on a cushion or relying on his right elbow, supporting his head with his hand.
Cave No. 26 of the UNESCO World Heritage Site of Ajanta contains a 24-foot-long and nine-foot-tall sculpture of the Reclining Buddha, believed to have been carved in the 5th century AD.
#art_and_culture
#pre_revision
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🔆Chemical Weapons Convention
✅ Founded in 1993
✅The Chemical Weapons Convention is officially known as the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on their Destruction.
✅The Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) is the implementing body.
✅ The CWC is open to all nations and currently has 193 parties
o Israel has signed but not ratified the agreement.
✅ Egypt, North Korea and South Sudan have neither signed nor acceded to the treaty.
✅ The CWC is the world’s first multilateral disarmament agreement to provide for the elimination of an entire
category of weapons of mass destruction within a fixed time frame.
✅India and CWC - India signed in 1993 and enacted Chemical Weapons Convention Act in 2000.
✅National Authority Chemical Weapons Convention (NACWC) has been established under the Chemical Weapons Convention Act, 2000 for implementing the provisions of the Convention.
✅ Founded in 1993
✅The Chemical Weapons Convention is officially known as the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on their Destruction.
✅The Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) is the implementing body.
✅ The CWC is open to all nations and currently has 193 parties
o Israel has signed but not ratified the agreement.
✅ Egypt, North Korea and South Sudan have neither signed nor acceded to the treaty.
✅ The CWC is the world’s first multilateral disarmament agreement to provide for the elimination of an entire
category of weapons of mass destruction within a fixed time frame.
✅India and CWC - India signed in 1993 and enacted Chemical Weapons Convention Act in 2000.
✅National Authority Chemical Weapons Convention (NACWC) has been established under the Chemical Weapons Convention Act, 2000 for implementing the provisions of the Convention.
_loksabhaquestions_annex_182_AS220_iNFz3I.pdf
611.6 KB
NEW AGRICULTURAL POLICY
New initiatives to support farmers.pdf
97.5 KB
New initiatives to support farmers
Agricultural Infrastructure Fund (AIF) Scheme.pdf
188.4 KB
Agriculture Infrastructure Fund (AIF) Scheme:
✅It is a Central Sector Schemewhich was launched in 2020.
✅Objective: The scheme shall provide a medium- to long-term debt financing facility for investment in viable projects for post-harvest management infrastructure and community farming assets through interest subvention and financial support.
✅The duration of the Scheme shall be from FY2020 to FY2032 (10 years).
Who is eligible?
✅Primary Agricultural Credit Societies (PACS)
✅Marketing Cooperative Societies
✅Farmer Producers Organizations (FPOs)
Farmers
✅Self Help Group (SHG)
✅Joint Liability Groups (JLG)
✅Multipurpose Cooperative Societies
✅Agri-entrepreneurs and Startups
✅Central/State agency or Local Body sponsored Public-Private Partnership Projects.
✅Exclusions: Public Sector Undertakings (PSUs) are not directly eligible under the scheme, but projects sponsored by them under PPP are eligible.
✅All scheduled commercial banks, scheduled cooperative banks, Regional Rural Banks (RRBs), Small Finance Banks, Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs), and National Cooperative Development Corporation (NCDC) may participate to provide this financing facility.
✅If required, need-based refinance support will be made available by NABARD to all eligible lending entities, including cooperative banks and RRBs, as per its policy.
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✅It is a Central Sector Schemewhich was launched in 2020.
✅Objective: The scheme shall provide a medium- to long-term debt financing facility for investment in viable projects for post-harvest management infrastructure and community farming assets through interest subvention and financial support.
✅The duration of the Scheme shall be from FY2020 to FY2032 (10 years).
Who is eligible?
✅Primary Agricultural Credit Societies (PACS)
✅Marketing Cooperative Societies
✅Farmer Producers Organizations (FPOs)
Farmers
✅Self Help Group (SHG)
✅Joint Liability Groups (JLG)
✅Multipurpose Cooperative Societies
✅Agri-entrepreneurs and Startups
✅Central/State agency or Local Body sponsored Public-Private Partnership Projects.
✅Exclusions: Public Sector Undertakings (PSUs) are not directly eligible under the scheme, but projects sponsored by them under PPP are eligible.
✅All scheduled commercial banks, scheduled cooperative banks, Regional Rural Banks (RRBs), Small Finance Banks, Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs), and National Cooperative Development Corporation (NCDC) may participate to provide this financing facility.
✅If required, need-based refinance support will be made available by NABARD to all eligible lending entities, including cooperative banks and RRBs, as per its policy.
#agriculture
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@PIB_UPSC