πTell Umm Amer Heritage site
β The World Heritage Committee (WHC) decided to include the Palestinian site of Tell Umm Amer in both the UNESCO World Heritage Site List and the Lost of World Heritage in Danger during its 46th session in New Delhi.
β It is an ancient Christian monastery founded in the fourth century by Hilarion the Great (291-371 CE).
β It is also known as the βMonastery of Saint Hilarion.
β It was the first monastic community in the Holy Land, laying the groundwork for the spread of monastic practices in the region.
β The monastery occupied a strategic position at the crossroads of major trade and communication routes between Asia and Africa.
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β The World Heritage Committee (WHC) decided to include the Palestinian site of Tell Umm Amer in both the UNESCO World Heritage Site List and the Lost of World Heritage in Danger during its 46th session in New Delhi.
β It is an ancient Christian monastery founded in the fourth century by Hilarion the Great (291-371 CE).
β It is also known as the βMonastery of Saint Hilarion.
β It was the first monastic community in the Holy Land, laying the groundwork for the spread of monastic practices in the region.
β The monastery occupied a strategic position at the crossroads of major trade and communication routes between Asia and Africa.
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Swapnil Kusale wins bronze π₯ for India in the Menβs rifle 50m 3 position final at the Paris 2024 Olympics at the Chateauroux Shooting Range
πBRICS
β It was formalised as BRIC (Brazil, Russia, India, and China) in 2006.
β The 1st BRIC summit was held in Yekaterinburg, Russia in 2009.
β The BRIC group was renamed as BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa) after South Africa was accepted as a full member in 2010.
β BRICS brings together five major emerging economies, comprising 41% of the world population, having 24% of the world GDP and 16% share in world trade.
β Key Initiatives of BRICS:
πΈ New Development Bank (NDB)
πΈ Contingent Reserve Arrangement (CRA)
πΈ BRICS Business Council
πΈ BRICS Partnership on New Industrial Revolution (PartNIR)
πΈ BRICS Womenβs Business Alliance.
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β It was formalised as BRIC (Brazil, Russia, India, and China) in 2006.
β The 1st BRIC summit was held in Yekaterinburg, Russia in 2009.
β The BRIC group was renamed as BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa) after South Africa was accepted as a full member in 2010.
β BRICS brings together five major emerging economies, comprising 41% of the world population, having 24% of the world GDP and 16% share in world trade.
β Key Initiatives of BRICS:
πΈ New Development Bank (NDB)
πΈ Contingent Reserve Arrangement (CRA)
πΈ BRICS Business Council
πΈ BRICS Partnership on New Industrial Revolution (PartNIR)
πΈ BRICS Womenβs Business Alliance.
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#Goodmorning
β³ 49 days for CSM24 [ 20-09-24]
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β³2 Days UPSC CAPF 2024 (4 August)
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β³ 49 days for CSM24 [ 20-09-24]
β³114 days IFoS Mains 2024 ( 24 nov )
β³296 days left CSP25 [ 25-05-25]
β³385 days left CSM25 [ 22-08-25]
β³2 Days UPSC CAPF 2024 (4 August)
β³ -60 days for 70th bpsc prelims (30 sept)
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β³ 143 days UPPSC RO/ARO prelims ( 22 DEC)
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πLeft Wing Extremism
Overall drop-in recent times:
β Reduced by 76% in 2022 as compared to 2010.
β Deaths of civilian and security personnel declined to 98 in 2022 from 1,005 in 2010.
β Districts affected: 45
β States Affected:
πΈ Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Odisha, Bihar, West Bengal
πΈAndhra Pradesh, Telangana, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh
πΈKerala
β Impact:
πΈ Impacted 40% of Indiaβs territory.
πΈ 35% of its population.
β Recent Incidents :
πΈ2023 - Attack of Paratroopers
πΈ2023 - Chhattisgarh attack
Schemes/Initiatives :
β National Policy and Action Plan to address Left Wing Extremism 2015
β SAMADHAN
β Security Related Expenditure (SRE) Scheme
β Special Central Assistance (SCA) for most LWE Affected Districts
β Scheme of Fortified Police stations
β Road Connectivity Project for LWE Affected Areas (RCPLWE).
Institutional setup :
β CAPF forces placed in the volatile areas
β Greyhounds force in Andhra Pradesh
β Special Infrastructure Scheme (SIS)
β Aspirational Districts Programme
β Civic Action Programme (CAP)
β Tribal Youth Exchange programmes
β Janmabhoomi program in Andhra Pradesh
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Overall drop-in recent times:
β Reduced by 76% in 2022 as compared to 2010.
β Deaths of civilian and security personnel declined to 98 in 2022 from 1,005 in 2010.
β Districts affected: 45
β States Affected:
πΈ Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Odisha, Bihar, West Bengal
πΈAndhra Pradesh, Telangana, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh
πΈKerala
β Impact:
πΈ Impacted 40% of Indiaβs territory.
πΈ 35% of its population.
β Recent Incidents :
πΈ2023 - Attack of Paratroopers
πΈ2023 - Chhattisgarh attack
Schemes/Initiatives :
β National Policy and Action Plan to address Left Wing Extremism 2015
β SAMADHAN
β Security Related Expenditure (SRE) Scheme
β Special Central Assistance (SCA) for most LWE Affected Districts
β Scheme of Fortified Police stations
β Road Connectivity Project for LWE Affected Areas (RCPLWE).
Institutional setup :
β CAPF forces placed in the volatile areas
β Greyhounds force in Andhra Pradesh
β Special Infrastructure Scheme (SIS)
β Aspirational Districts Programme
β Civic Action Programme (CAP)
β Tribal Youth Exchange programmes
β Janmabhoomi program in Andhra Pradesh
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πAgricultural education and research: They are critical components of the development of the agriculture sector in India.
Importance of agricultural education and research in the development of the Agriculture sector
β Improved Farming Techniques: It helps farmers to adopt new technologies and techniques that can improve crop yields and reduce costs. This helps to increase productivity and profitability, leading to higher incomes for farmers.
β Better Seed Varieties: These seeds can be resistant to pests and diseases and can withstand adverse weather conditions, leading to higher crop yields.
β Increased Food Security: Agri education and research can help to increase food production by improving crop yields and introducing new crops.
β Environmental Sustainability: Agricultural education and research can help farmers adopt practices that conserve soil, water, and natural resources, leading to better environmental outcomes.
β Job Creation: The Agriculture sector is a major employer in India. Agricultural education and research can help to create new job opportunities by introducing new technologies and techniques that require skilled labour.
Importance of agricultural education and research in the development of the Agriculture sector
β Improved Farming Techniques: It helps farmers to adopt new technologies and techniques that can improve crop yields and reduce costs. This helps to increase productivity and profitability, leading to higher incomes for farmers.
β Better Seed Varieties: These seeds can be resistant to pests and diseases and can withstand adverse weather conditions, leading to higher crop yields.
β Increased Food Security: Agri education and research can help to increase food production by improving crop yields and introducing new crops.
β Environmental Sustainability: Agricultural education and research can help farmers adopt practices that conserve soil, water, and natural resources, leading to better environmental outcomes.
β Job Creation: The Agriculture sector is a major employer in India. Agricultural education and research can help to create new job opportunities by introducing new technologies and techniques that require skilled labour.
#Goodmorning
β³ 48 days for CSM24 [ 20-09-24]
β³113 days IFoS Mains 2024 ( 24 nov )
β³295 days left CSP25 [ 25-05-25]
β³384 days left CSM25 [ 22-08-25]
β³ Tomorrow UPSC CAPF 2024 (4 August)
β³ -59 days for 70th bpsc prelims (30 sept)
β³ 85 days UPPSC prelims 2024 ( 27 Oct )
β³ 142 days UPPSC RO/ARO prelims ( 22 DEC)
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β³ 48 days for CSM24 [ 20-09-24]
β³113 days IFoS Mains 2024 ( 24 nov )
β³295 days left CSP25 [ 25-05-25]
β³384 days left CSM25 [ 22-08-25]
β³ Tomorrow UPSC CAPF 2024 (4 August)
β³ -59 days for 70th bpsc prelims (30 sept)
β³ 85 days UPPSC prelims 2024 ( 27 Oct )
β³ 142 days UPPSC RO/ARO prelims ( 22 DEC)
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π43rd Amendment Act, 1977 :
β The jurisdiction of the Supreme Court and the High Courts in respect of judicial review and issue of writs was restored.
β Special powers of the Parliament to make laws to deal with anti-national activities were removed.
β Articles amended: Articles 145, 226, 228 and 366
β Articles Omitted: Articles 31D, 32A, 131A, 144A, 226A and 228A.
β The jurisdiction of the Supreme Court and the High Courts in respect of judicial review and issue of writs was restored.
β Special powers of the Parliament to make laws to deal with anti-national activities were removed.
β Articles amended: Articles 145, 226, 228 and 366
β Articles Omitted: Articles 31D, 32A, 131A, 144A, 226A and 228A.
πTribes
2011 Census:
β Tribals: 8.6% of Indiaβs population.
β Sex Ratio: 990 ( 2011 Census)
β Over 700+ tribal groups in India,
β 75 are PVTGs
β Gond comprises the largest tribal group of India.
Health Indicators :
β 13 % have diabetes
β 25% have high blood pressure
β 72% use tobacco (age 15-54)
Education Indicators :
β The percentage of literacy - 63.1% in 2011.
β Male vs Female: Female literacy of tribes is only 54.4% compared to male literacy of 71.7%.
β Nearly 50% of the children from this social group drop out while transitioning from primary to secondary grades.
Employment and Skilling :
β PESA (The Panchayats Extension to Scheduled Areas) Act, 1996
β Janshala Programme
β Ashram Schools
β Eklavya Model Residential Schools
Crime against Tribes :
β NCRBβs Crime in India 2021 Report:
πΈ Crimes against SC: increase of 13.1% over 2021
πΈCrimes against ST: increase of 14.3% over 2021
β Constitutional Provisions ; Art. 15; Art. 16; Art. 46; Article 335; Article 338-A; Article 342(1);
5th and 6th Schedule
Govt schemes:
β Pradhan Mantri Janjati Adivasi Nyaya Maha Abhiyan (PM JANMAN)
β Eklavya Model Residential Schools (EMRS)
β Pradhan Mantri Vanbandhu Vikas Yojana
β MSP for MFP under Pradhan Mantri Jan Jatiya Vikas Mission
β Van Dhan Vikas Kendra (VDVK), TRIFED
β The Pradhan Mantri Adi Adarsh Gram Yojana (PMAAGY)
β Tribal Research Institute (TRI) scheme.
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2011 Census:
β Tribals: 8.6% of Indiaβs population.
β Sex Ratio: 990 ( 2011 Census)
β Over 700+ tribal groups in India,
β 75 are PVTGs
β Gond comprises the largest tribal group of India.
Health Indicators :
β 13 % have diabetes
β 25% have high blood pressure
β 72% use tobacco (age 15-54)
Education Indicators :
β The percentage of literacy - 63.1% in 2011.
β Male vs Female: Female literacy of tribes is only 54.4% compared to male literacy of 71.7%.
β Nearly 50% of the children from this social group drop out while transitioning from primary to secondary grades.
Employment and Skilling :
β PESA (The Panchayats Extension to Scheduled Areas) Act, 1996
β Janshala Programme
β Ashram Schools
β Eklavya Model Residential Schools
Crime against Tribes :
β NCRBβs Crime in India 2021 Report:
πΈ Crimes against SC: increase of 13.1% over 2021
πΈCrimes against ST: increase of 14.3% over 2021
β Constitutional Provisions ; Art. 15; Art. 16; Art. 46; Article 335; Article 338-A; Article 342(1);
5th and 6th Schedule
Govt schemes:
β Pradhan Mantri Janjati Adivasi Nyaya Maha Abhiyan (PM JANMAN)
β Eklavya Model Residential Schools (EMRS)
β Pradhan Mantri Vanbandhu Vikas Yojana
β MSP for MFP under Pradhan Mantri Jan Jatiya Vikas Mission
β Van Dhan Vikas Kendra (VDVK), TRIFED
β The Pradhan Mantri Adi Adarsh Gram Yojana (PMAAGY)
β Tribal Research Institute (TRI) scheme.
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DNT (DENOTIFIED TRIBES)
β Criminal Tribes Act of 1871: Labelled few tribes as being born Criminals.
β These Acts were repealed in l952 and the term βDe-Notifiedβ was given.
Schemes/ Commission
β Scheme for Empowerment of DNTs (SEED)
β Development and Welfare Board for DNTs
β Dr. Ambedkar Pre-Matric and Post-Matric Scholarship
β Renke Commission
β Criminal Tribes Act of 1871: Labelled few tribes as being born Criminals.
β These Acts were repealed in l952 and the term βDe-Notifiedβ was given.
Schemes/ Commission
β Scheme for Empowerment of DNTs (SEED)
β Development and Welfare Board for DNTs
β Dr. Ambedkar Pre-Matric and Post-Matric Scholarship
β Renke Commission
Madhav Gadgil Committee, 2010: Steps to preserve the ecologically frail Western Ghats
β Classification: This report classified the extensive region of 64% of the Western Ghats, spanning over six States, 44 districts and 142 taluks, into Ecologically Sensitive Zones, called Eco Sensitive Zone (ESZ) i.e ESZ1,ESZ2 and ESZ3.
β Biodiversity Hotspot: Recognised by UNESCO as one of the worldβs eight most important Biodiversity Hotspots, Western Ghats contains more than 30 percent of all species of plant, fish, reptile, amphibian, bird and mammal found in the whole country.
β Developmental Restrictions: ESZ-1 of the Ghats was given high priority and almost all developmental activities like mining, construction of thermal power plants, dams etc were suggested to stop along with the decommissioning of similar projects that have completed their shelf life.
β Protection Measures: The panel suggested the need to desist from creating new hill stations, changing the land use from farmland to non-farm land and the stoppage of diversions of rivers in order to protect the ecology of the region.
β Classification: This report classified the extensive region of 64% of the Western Ghats, spanning over six States, 44 districts and 142 taluks, into Ecologically Sensitive Zones, called Eco Sensitive Zone (ESZ) i.e ESZ1,ESZ2 and ESZ3.
β Biodiversity Hotspot: Recognised by UNESCO as one of the worldβs eight most important Biodiversity Hotspots, Western Ghats contains more than 30 percent of all species of plant, fish, reptile, amphibian, bird and mammal found in the whole country.
β Developmental Restrictions: ESZ-1 of the Ghats was given high priority and almost all developmental activities like mining, construction of thermal power plants, dams etc were suggested to stop along with the decommissioning of similar projects that have completed their shelf life.
β Protection Measures: The panel suggested the need to desist from creating new hill stations, changing the land use from farmland to non-farm land and the stoppage of diversions of rivers in order to protect the ecology of the region.
πChandrashekhar Azad:
β He was a great Indian freedom fighter.
β Born Chandra Shekhar Tiwari on July 23, 1906, in the small village of Bhavra in Madhya Pradesh, Azad was a beacon of revolutionary fervor from a very young age.
β His resolve to fight for Indiaβs independence was ignited early, and by the age of 15, he had already joined the Non-Cooperation Movement initiated by Mahatma Gandhi.
β Azad was disappointed by Gandhiβs suspension of the noncooperation movement in February 1922, after several policemen had been murdered by a revolutionary mob at Chauri Chaura.
β He became an active member of the Hindustan Republican Association (HRA), an organization dedicated to overthrowing British rule through revolutionary means.
β By 1928, he had played a crucial role in transforming the HRA into the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA), which aimed to establish a socialist republic in India.
β He worked closely with other notable revolutionaries, including the legendary Bhagat Singh.
β Together, they sought to challenge and dismantle the oppressive colonial regime.
β Azadβs leadership and strategic acumen were instrumental in several significant revolutionary activities.
β He played key a role in the Kakori Train Robbery (1926), the attempt to blow up the Viceroy's train (1926), and the shooting of Saunders at Lahore (1928) to avenge the killing of Lala Lajpat Rai.
β He was known for his unwavering resolve and extraordinary bravery. He lived a life on the run, constantly evading capture by the British police, and became a symbol of resistance for the youth of India.
β In January 1931, during a fierce encounter with the British police in Alfred Park, Allahabad, Azad fought valiantly but was eventually cornered. Faced with the prospect of capture, Azad chose to end his life on his own terms, declaring that he would never be captured alive.
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β He was a great Indian freedom fighter.
β Born Chandra Shekhar Tiwari on July 23, 1906, in the small village of Bhavra in Madhya Pradesh, Azad was a beacon of revolutionary fervor from a very young age.
β His resolve to fight for Indiaβs independence was ignited early, and by the age of 15, he had already joined the Non-Cooperation Movement initiated by Mahatma Gandhi.
β Azad was disappointed by Gandhiβs suspension of the noncooperation movement in February 1922, after several policemen had been murdered by a revolutionary mob at Chauri Chaura.
β He became an active member of the Hindustan Republican Association (HRA), an organization dedicated to overthrowing British rule through revolutionary means.
β By 1928, he had played a crucial role in transforming the HRA into the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA), which aimed to establish a socialist republic in India.
β He worked closely with other notable revolutionaries, including the legendary Bhagat Singh.
β Together, they sought to challenge and dismantle the oppressive colonial regime.
β Azadβs leadership and strategic acumen were instrumental in several significant revolutionary activities.
β He played key a role in the Kakori Train Robbery (1926), the attempt to blow up the Viceroy's train (1926), and the shooting of Saunders at Lahore (1928) to avenge the killing of Lala Lajpat Rai.
β He was known for his unwavering resolve and extraordinary bravery. He lived a life on the run, constantly evading capture by the British police, and became a symbol of resistance for the youth of India.
β In January 1931, during a fierce encounter with the British police in Alfred Park, Allahabad, Azad fought valiantly but was eventually cornered. Faced with the prospect of capture, Azad chose to end his life on his own terms, declaring that he would never be captured alive.
#history
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Forwarded from UPSC previous year paper ( PYQ ) PDF
CAPF 2024.pdf
11.6 MB
UN Rao Vs Indira Gandhi (1971): Even after Lok Sabha Dissolution, CoM continues in caretaker format.
President will continue to work under aid and advice of the CoM.
β Choosing party in hung parliament
β Dissolution of Lok Sabha (After the passage of No Confidence Motion)
β Not bound by CoM advice without Lok Sabha Majority
β In Exercising Suspensive Veto
β In returning advice once
β In Seeking information under Article 78.
β Disqualification of MPs - Advice of Election Commission
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President will continue to work under aid and advice of the CoM.
β Choosing party in hung parliament
β Dissolution of Lok Sabha (After the passage of No Confidence Motion)
β Not bound by CoM advice without Lok Sabha Majority
β In Exercising Suspensive Veto
β In returning advice once
β In Seeking information under Article 78.
β Disqualification of MPs - Advice of Election Commission
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πPreamble can be amended
β Berubari Union Case (1960): The Supreme Court (SC) ruled that the Preamble cannot be considered as a part of the Constitution and therefore cannot be amended.
β Kesavananda Bharati Case (1973): SC clarified that the Preamble is indeed a part of the Constitution and can be amended, as long as it does not violate the basic structure of the Constitution.
β Union Government Vs LIC of India Case (1995): SC reaffirmed that the Preamble is an integral part of the Constitution, but its provisions are not directly enforceable in court.
β Private member Bill in 2021: Former Minister KJ Alphons introduced a bill in Rajya Sabha to amend the Indian Constitution's preamble, seeking to replace "socialist" with "equitable" and make other changes.
The bill aims to promote a more inclusive and fair society.
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β Berubari Union Case (1960): The Supreme Court (SC) ruled that the Preamble cannot be considered as a part of the Constitution and therefore cannot be amended.
β Kesavananda Bharati Case (1973): SC clarified that the Preamble is indeed a part of the Constitution and can be amended, as long as it does not violate the basic structure of the Constitution.
β Union Government Vs LIC of India Case (1995): SC reaffirmed that the Preamble is an integral part of the Constitution, but its provisions are not directly enforceable in court.
β Private member Bill in 2021: Former Minister KJ Alphons introduced a bill in Rajya Sabha to amend the Indian Constitution's preamble, seeking to replace "socialist" with "equitable" and make other changes.
The bill aims to promote a more inclusive and fair society.
#polity
#mains
Join @CSE_EXAM
@upsc_polity_Governance