🔆Gaps Highlighted by the Kargil War in India’s Defence and Security Apparatus and Post-War Steps and Reforms
📍Military and Intelligence Shortcomings
✅Detailed analyses and first-person accounts reveal significant lapses in inter-service cooperation, particularly between the Army and the Air Force.
✅The lack of timely intelligence, which allowed Pakistani troops to stealthily intrude into Indian territory, has been a point of contention.
✅While some blame the Research and Analysis Wing (RAW) for this failure, others dispute this view. Regardless, these embedded lessons are crucial for the current Modi government.
📍Post-War Reforms
✅Following the war, Prime Minister Vajpayee took unprecedented steps to address these lapses.
✅He established the Kargil Review Committee (KRC) in July 1999 to examine the sequence of events and recommend future measures.
✅The KRC's report led to the formation of a Group of Ministers (GoM) in April 2000, which reviewed the national security system and set up four Task Forces on intelligence, internal security, border management, and defence management.
✅The involvement of domain experts like G.C. Saxena, N.N. Vohra, Madhav Godbole, and Arun Singh highlighted the government's commitment to comprehensive reform.
✅However, the Vajpayee government's focus was diverted by subsequent events, including the 9/11 attacks and the terrorist attack on the Indian Parliament in December 2001.
✅As a result, the implementation of the GoM's recommendations remained incomplete.
✅This lack of follow-through had grave consequences, as evidenced by the Mumbai attacks in November 2008 and the Galwan clash in June 2020.
#Security
#prelims
📍Military and Intelligence Shortcomings
✅Detailed analyses and first-person accounts reveal significant lapses in inter-service cooperation, particularly between the Army and the Air Force.
✅The lack of timely intelligence, which allowed Pakistani troops to stealthily intrude into Indian territory, has been a point of contention.
✅While some blame the Research and Analysis Wing (RAW) for this failure, others dispute this view. Regardless, these embedded lessons are crucial for the current Modi government.
📍Post-War Reforms
✅Following the war, Prime Minister Vajpayee took unprecedented steps to address these lapses.
✅He established the Kargil Review Committee (KRC) in July 1999 to examine the sequence of events and recommend future measures.
✅The KRC's report led to the formation of a Group of Ministers (GoM) in April 2000, which reviewed the national security system and set up four Task Forces on intelligence, internal security, border management, and defence management.
✅The involvement of domain experts like G.C. Saxena, N.N. Vohra, Madhav Godbole, and Arun Singh highlighted the government's commitment to comprehensive reform.
✅However, the Vajpayee government's focus was diverted by subsequent events, including the 9/11 attacks and the terrorist attack on the Indian Parliament in December 2001.
✅As a result, the implementation of the GoM's recommendations remained incomplete.
✅This lack of follow-through had grave consequences, as evidenced by the Mumbai attacks in November 2008 and the Galwan clash in June 2020.
#Security
#prelims
The UPSC has examined the available records carefully and found her guilty of acting in contravention of the provisions of the CSE-2022 Rules. Her
provisional candidature for the CSE-2022 has been cancelled and she has also been debarred permanently from all the future Examinations/Selections of the
UPSC.
provisional candidature for the CSE-2022 has been cancelled and she has also been debarred permanently from all the future Examinations/Selections of the
UPSC.
So far as the complaints regarding the submission of false certificates
(specifically OBC & PwBD categories) are concerned, the UPSC wishes to clarify that it does only a preliminary scrutiny of the certificates viz. whether the
certificate has been issued by the competent authority, the year to which the certificate pertains, issuing date of the certificate, whether there is any
overwriting on the certificate, format of the certificate etc. Generally, the
certificate is taken as genuine, if it has been issued by the competent
authority. The UPSC neither has the mandate nor the wherewithal to check the veracity of thousands of certificates submitted by the candidates every year.
However, it is understood that scrutiny and verification of genuineness of
certificates is carried out by the authorities mandated with this task.
(specifically OBC & PwBD categories) are concerned, the UPSC wishes to clarify that it does only a preliminary scrutiny of the certificates viz. whether the
certificate has been issued by the competent authority, the year to which the certificate pertains, issuing date of the certificate, whether there is any
overwriting on the certificate, format of the certificate etc. Generally, the
certificate is taken as genuine, if it has been issued by the competent
authority. The UPSC neither has the mandate nor the wherewithal to check the veracity of thousands of certificates submitted by the candidates every year.
However, it is understood that scrutiny and verification of genuineness of
certificates is carried out by the authorities mandated with this task.
CDSI_2024_WR_Name_31072024.pdf
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CDS-(I) result Name wise
CISF_2024_FR_Eng_31072024.pdf
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CISF AC(EXE) final result
🔆Self-respect marriages
✅The Supreme Court observed that there is no blanket ban on advocates solemnising “self-respect” marriages under Section 7(A) of the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955.
✅ In 1968, the Hindu Marriage (Tamil Nadu Amendment) Act, 1967, received the President’s approval and became the law.
✅ This amendment modified the Hindu Marriage Act of 1955, by inserting Section 7-A into it.
✅ However, it extended only to the state of Tamil Nadu.
✅ Section 7-A deals with the special provision on “self-respect and secular marriages”.
✅ It legally recognises any marriage between any two Hindus, which can be referred to as “suyamariyathai” or “seerthiruththa marriage” or by any other name.
✅ Such marriages are solemnised in the presence of relatives, friends, or other persons, with parties declaring each other to be husband or wife, in a language understood by them.
✅ Such marriages are also required to be registered as per the law.
▪️Aim:
✅To radically simplify weddings by shunning the need for mandatory Brahmin priests, holy fire and saptapadi (seven steps).
✅ This allowed marriages to be declared in the presence of the couple’s friends or family or any other persons.
✅ The amendment was made to do away with the need for priests and rituals, which were otherwise required to complete wedding ceremonies.
#gs1
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✅The Supreme Court observed that there is no blanket ban on advocates solemnising “self-respect” marriages under Section 7(A) of the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955.
✅ In 1968, the Hindu Marriage (Tamil Nadu Amendment) Act, 1967, received the President’s approval and became the law.
✅ This amendment modified the Hindu Marriage Act of 1955, by inserting Section 7-A into it.
✅ However, it extended only to the state of Tamil Nadu.
✅ Section 7-A deals with the special provision on “self-respect and secular marriages”.
✅ It legally recognises any marriage between any two Hindus, which can be referred to as “suyamariyathai” or “seerthiruththa marriage” or by any other name.
✅ Such marriages are solemnised in the presence of relatives, friends, or other persons, with parties declaring each other to be husband or wife, in a language understood by them.
✅ Such marriages are also required to be registered as per the law.
▪️Aim:
✅To radically simplify weddings by shunning the need for mandatory Brahmin priests, holy fire and saptapadi (seven steps).
✅ This allowed marriages to be declared in the presence of the couple’s friends or family or any other persons.
✅ The amendment was made to do away with the need for priests and rituals, which were otherwise required to complete wedding ceremonies.
#gs1
#society
#mains
Join @CSE_EXAM
@upsc_society_gs
#Goodmorning
⏳ 50 days for CSM24 [ 20-09-24]
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⏳3 Days UPSC CAPF 2024 (4 August)
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⏳ 50 days for CSM24 [ 20-09-24]
⏳115 days IFoS Mains 2024 ( 24 nov )
⏳297 days left CSP25 [ 25-05-25]
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⏳3 Days UPSC CAPF 2024 (4 August)
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🔆Tell Umm Amer Heritage site
✅The World Heritage Committee (WHC) decided to include the Palestinian site of Tell Umm Amer in both the UNESCO World Heritage Site List and the Lost of World Heritage in Danger during its 46th session in New Delhi.
✅It is an ancient Christian monastery founded in the fourth century by Hilarion the Great (291-371 CE).
✅It is also known as the ‘Monastery of Saint Hilarion.
✅It was the first monastic community in the Holy Land, laying the groundwork for the spread of monastic practices in the region.
✅The monastery occupied a strategic position at the crossroads of major trade and communication routes between Asia and Africa.
#art_and_culture
#prelims
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@Upsc_art_and_culture
✅The World Heritage Committee (WHC) decided to include the Palestinian site of Tell Umm Amer in both the UNESCO World Heritage Site List and the Lost of World Heritage in Danger during its 46th session in New Delhi.
✅It is an ancient Christian monastery founded in the fourth century by Hilarion the Great (291-371 CE).
✅It is also known as the ‘Monastery of Saint Hilarion.
✅It was the first monastic community in the Holy Land, laying the groundwork for the spread of monastic practices in the region.
✅The monastery occupied a strategic position at the crossroads of major trade and communication routes between Asia and Africa.
#art_and_culture
#prelims
Join @CSE_EXAM
@Upsc_art_and_culture
Swapnil Kusale wins bronze 🥉 for India in the Men’s rifle 50m 3 position final at the Paris 2024 Olympics at the Chateauroux Shooting Range
🔆BRICS
✅ It was formalised as BRIC (Brazil, Russia, India, and China) in 2006.
✅ The 1st BRIC summit was held in Yekaterinburg, Russia in 2009.
✅ The BRIC group was renamed as BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa) after South Africa was accepted as a full member in 2010.
✅ BRICS brings together five major emerging economies, comprising 41% of the world population, having 24% of the world GDP and 16% share in world trade.
✅ Key Initiatives of BRICS:
🔸 New Development Bank (NDB)
🔸 Contingent Reserve Arrangement (CRA)
🔸 BRICS Business Council
🔸 BRICS Partnership on New Industrial Revolution (PartNIR)
🔸 BRICS Women’s Business Alliance.
#mains
#IR
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@UPSC_4_IR
✅ It was formalised as BRIC (Brazil, Russia, India, and China) in 2006.
✅ The 1st BRIC summit was held in Yekaterinburg, Russia in 2009.
✅ The BRIC group was renamed as BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa) after South Africa was accepted as a full member in 2010.
✅ BRICS brings together five major emerging economies, comprising 41% of the world population, having 24% of the world GDP and 16% share in world trade.
✅ Key Initiatives of BRICS:
🔸 New Development Bank (NDB)
🔸 Contingent Reserve Arrangement (CRA)
🔸 BRICS Business Council
🔸 BRICS Partnership on New Industrial Revolution (PartNIR)
🔸 BRICS Women’s Business Alliance.
#mains
#IR
JOIN @CSE_EXAM
@UPSC_4_IR
#Goodmorning
⏳ 49 days for CSM24 [ 20-09-24]
⏳114 days IFoS Mains 2024 ( 24 nov )
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⏳2 Days UPSC CAPF 2024 (4 August)
⏳ -60 days for 70th bpsc prelims (30 sept)
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⏳ 49 days for CSM24 [ 20-09-24]
⏳114 days IFoS Mains 2024 ( 24 nov )
⏳296 days left CSP25 [ 25-05-25]
⏳385 days left CSM25 [ 22-08-25]
⏳2 Days UPSC CAPF 2024 (4 August)
⏳ -60 days for 70th bpsc prelims (30 sept)
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🔆Left Wing Extremism
Overall drop-in recent times:
✅ Reduced by 76% in 2022 as compared to 2010.
✅ Deaths of civilian and security personnel declined to 98 in 2022 from 1,005 in 2010.
✅ Districts affected: 45
✅ States Affected:
🔸 Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Odisha, Bihar, West Bengal
🔸Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh
🔸Kerala
✅ Impact:
🔸 Impacted 40% of India’s territory.
🔸 35% of its population.
✅Recent Incidents :
🔸2023 - Attack of Paratroopers
🔸2023 - Chhattisgarh attack
Schemes/Initiatives :
✅ National Policy and Action Plan to address Left Wing Extremism 2015
✅ SAMADHAN
✅ Security Related Expenditure (SRE) Scheme
✅ Special Central Assistance (SCA) for most LWE Affected Districts
✅ Scheme of Fortified Police stations
✅ Road Connectivity Project for LWE Affected Areas (RCPLWE).
Institutional setup :
✅CAPF forces placed in the volatile areas
✅ Greyhounds force in Andhra Pradesh
✅ Special Infrastructure Scheme (SIS)
✅ Aspirational Districts Programme
✅ Civic Action Programme (CAP)
✅ Tribal Youth Exchange programmes
✅ Janmabhoomi program in Andhra Pradesh
#gs3
#security
#mains
Join @CSE_EXAM
@internal_security_upsc_mains
Overall drop-in recent times:
✅ Reduced by 76% in 2022 as compared to 2010.
✅ Deaths of civilian and security personnel declined to 98 in 2022 from 1,005 in 2010.
✅ Districts affected: 45
✅ States Affected:
🔸 Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Odisha, Bihar, West Bengal
🔸Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh
🔸Kerala
✅ Impact:
🔸 Impacted 40% of India’s territory.
🔸 35% of its population.
✅Recent Incidents :
🔸2023 - Attack of Paratroopers
🔸2023 - Chhattisgarh attack
Schemes/Initiatives :
✅ National Policy and Action Plan to address Left Wing Extremism 2015
✅ SAMADHAN
✅ Security Related Expenditure (SRE) Scheme
✅ Special Central Assistance (SCA) for most LWE Affected Districts
✅ Scheme of Fortified Police stations
✅ Road Connectivity Project for LWE Affected Areas (RCPLWE).
Institutional setup :
✅CAPF forces placed in the volatile areas
✅ Greyhounds force in Andhra Pradesh
✅ Special Infrastructure Scheme (SIS)
✅ Aspirational Districts Programme
✅ Civic Action Programme (CAP)
✅ Tribal Youth Exchange programmes
✅ Janmabhoomi program in Andhra Pradesh
#gs3
#security
#mains
Join @CSE_EXAM
@internal_security_upsc_mains
🔆Agricultural education and research: They are critical components of the development of the agriculture sector in India.
Importance of agricultural education and research in the development of the Agriculture sector
✅Improved Farming Techniques: It helps farmers to adopt new technologies and techniques that can improve crop yields and reduce costs. This helps to increase productivity and profitability, leading to higher incomes for farmers.
✅Better Seed Varieties: These seeds can be resistant to pests and diseases and can withstand adverse weather conditions, leading to higher crop yields.
✅Increased Food Security: Agri education and research can help to increase food production by improving crop yields and introducing new crops.
✅Environmental Sustainability: Agricultural education and research can help farmers adopt practices that conserve soil, water, and natural resources, leading to better environmental outcomes.
✅Job Creation: The Agriculture sector is a major employer in India. Agricultural education and research can help to create new job opportunities by introducing new technologies and techniques that require skilled labour.
Importance of agricultural education and research in the development of the Agriculture sector
✅Improved Farming Techniques: It helps farmers to adopt new technologies and techniques that can improve crop yields and reduce costs. This helps to increase productivity and profitability, leading to higher incomes for farmers.
✅Better Seed Varieties: These seeds can be resistant to pests and diseases and can withstand adverse weather conditions, leading to higher crop yields.
✅Increased Food Security: Agri education and research can help to increase food production by improving crop yields and introducing new crops.
✅Environmental Sustainability: Agricultural education and research can help farmers adopt practices that conserve soil, water, and natural resources, leading to better environmental outcomes.
✅Job Creation: The Agriculture sector is a major employer in India. Agricultural education and research can help to create new job opportunities by introducing new technologies and techniques that require skilled labour.
#Goodmorning
⏳ 48 days for CSM24 [ 20-09-24]
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⏳ 48 days for CSM24 [ 20-09-24]
⏳113 days IFoS Mains 2024 ( 24 nov )
⏳295 days left CSP25 [ 25-05-25]
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⏳ Tomorrow UPSC CAPF 2024 (4 August)
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🔆43rd Amendment Act, 1977 :
✅ The jurisdiction of the Supreme Court and the High Courts in respect of judicial review and issue of writs was restored.
✅ Special powers of the Parliament to make laws to deal with anti-national activities were removed.
✅ Articles amended: Articles 145, 226, 228 and 366
✅ Articles Omitted: Articles 31D, 32A, 131A, 144A, 226A and 228A.
✅ The jurisdiction of the Supreme Court and the High Courts in respect of judicial review and issue of writs was restored.
✅ Special powers of the Parliament to make laws to deal with anti-national activities were removed.
✅ Articles amended: Articles 145, 226, 228 and 366
✅ Articles Omitted: Articles 31D, 32A, 131A, 144A, 226A and 228A.