Social capital: Social capital is a set of shared values or resources that allows individuals to work together in a group to effectively achieve a common purpose.

Vasudhev Kutumbakam : It is a noble idea that teaches people to rise above differences of caste, creed, colour and race, and to love one another as ourselves.

Polar vortex: It is a large area of low pressure and cold air surrounding the Earth’s North and South Pole.

Trade Statistics (2023-24):

India's Exports of goods and services =

$437 billion + $340 billion = $777 billion (21.5% of GDP)

India's imports of goods and services =

$677 billion + $177 billion = $854 billion (23.6% of GDP)

India's merchandise exports and imports both have decreased (in absolute terms) in 2023-24 as compared to 2022-23


Agriculture Trade
Exports = $48 billion
Imports= $32 billion

India's agriculture exports and imports both have decreased (in absolute terms) in 2023-24 as compared to 2022-23

🔆Tribal Art in India:

Diverse array of expressions reflecting lives, beliefs, and customs.
• Examples:
✅ Warli Art (Maharashtra) : Simple geometric shapes depicting harmony with nature.
✅ Gond Art (Central India) : Vibrant hues, intricate patterns, rich mythology.
✅ Madhubani Painting (Bihar) : Intricate motifs, bold colors, scenes from mythology.
✅ Pattachitra Art (Odisha) : Mythological narratives on cloth or palm leaves.
✅ Santhal Art (Eastern India) : Earthy tones, tribal motifs using natural materials.
✅ Saura Painting (Odisha) : Vibrant colors, geometric patterns, depicting deities and myths.
✅ Bhil Art (Rajasthan & Madhya Pradesh) : Folkore, rituals, nature, animals, deities.
✅ Phad Painting (Rajasthan) : Stories of deities, heroes, and legends on large scrolls.
✅ Pithora Painting (Gujarat & Madhya Pradesh) : Ritualistic art for blessings.
✅ Toda Embroidery (Tamil Nadu) : Geometric patterns using natural materials.

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As per APEDA, India is the fifth largest maize producer, accounting for 2.59% of global production in 2020.

Maize is the third most important cereal crop in India after rice and wheat. It accounts for around 10% of total food grain production in the country.

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Over 250 million people in India depend on forests for their livelihoods, including tribal communities.

🔆Components of India’s Digital Public Infrastructure India Stack:
India Stack is a set of APIs (Application Programming Interfaces) that allows businesses and entrepreneurs to build innovative solutions on top of India’s digital public infrastructure. India Stack includes various components such as Aadhaar, eSign, and the Unified Payments Interface (UPI).

✅ Aadhaar: Aadhaar is a 12-digit unique identity number issued to Indian citizens and residents by the Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI). It is the world’s largest biometric ID system, with
over 1.2 billion registered users.

✅Digital Locker: The Digital Locker is a cloud-based platform that allows Indian citizens to store and share their digital documents securely. The platform was launched in 2015 and has since gained over 38 million registered users.

✅ DigiYatra: Biometric Enabled Seamless Travel(BEST) experience based on Facial Recognition System (FRS). Air passenger traffic in India was estimated to be over 188 million in airports across India in financial year 2022, out of whom over 22 million were international passengers.

✅ Goods and Services Tax Network (GSTN): The GSTN is a non-profit, private limited company that manages the IT system for the GST. The GSTN provides a common IT platform for all stakeholders, including taxpayers, tax authorities, and banks.

✅ UPI: UPI is a real-time payment system launched by the National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI) in 2016. The UPI allows users to send and receive money instantly using a mobile phone number and a virtual payment address (VPA).

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NTA CSIR UGC NET 2024 Exam Admit Card

🔆 Road safety

✅ Why in news: Pune Porsche case has reignited the concern surrounding hit-and-run accidents in India

▪️Road Accidents in India Report 2022 :

✅ Area of accidents : 32.9% in National Highways, 23.1% in Road Highways and 43.9% in other roads.
✅ Rural Vs Urban : About 69% happened in rural areas and around 32% in urban areas.
✅ Age group : 66.5% of young adults (18-45 years of age).
✅ Type of users : 44.5% of 2-wheelers followed by 19.5% of pedestrians.
✅ Vehicles involved : Two-wheelers tops for the 2nd consecutive years followed by light vehicles.
✅ Vulnerable States : In 2022, Tamil Nadu topped in number of road accidents followed by Madhya Pradesh and Uttar
Pradesh topped in number of fatalities due to road accidents followed by Tamil Nadu.

▪️Challenges of road safety in India :

✅ Drunk driving
✅ Distracted driving
✅ Poor road infrastructure
✅ Vehicular condition
✅ Overloading of vehicles
✅ Driving without licenses
✅ Inadequate law enforcement
✅ Lack of awareness

▪️Steps taken by India to promote road safety :

✅ Motor Vehicle Amendment (MVA) Act 2019
✅ Vehicle Scrapping Policy
✅ National Road Safety Policy
✅ e-DAR project
✅ Good Samaritan law
✅ India State Support Programme for Road Safety

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#governance
#mains

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Economic Survey Complete 2023-24

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Mppsc MAINS 2024 - 21 OCTOBER

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Indus Valley Civilization Architecture

✅The Indus Valley Civilization covered a large area around the Indus River basin and beyond in late Bronze Age India. In its mature phase, from about 2600 to 1900 BCE, it produced several cities marked by great uniformity within and between sites, including Harappa, Lothal, and the UNESCO World Heritage Site Mohenjo-Daro. The Harappan culture was distinguished by its system of town planning.

✅The use of burnt bricks in the Harappan cities is remarkable, because in the contemporary buildings of Egypt mainly dried bricks were use.

✅Grid Pattern: Harappa and Mohen-Jo Dero were laid out on a grid pattern and had provisions for an advanced drainage system. Streets were oriented east to west. Each street was having a well organized drainage system.

✅City Walls: Each city in the Indus Valley was surrounded by massive walls and gateways. The walls were built to control trade and also to stop the city from being flooded.

✅The Residential Buildings: The residential buildings,which were serviceable enough, were mainly made up of brick and consisted of on open terrace flanked by rooms. These houses were made of standardized baked bricks (which had a ratio of length to width to thickness at 4:2:1) as well as sun dried bricks. Some houses even had multiple stories and paved floors.

✅In-house wells: Almost every house had its own wells, drains and bathrooms. The in-house well is a common and recognizable feature of the Indus Valley Civilization.
Kalibangan many houses had their wells.

✅Drainage System: The drainage system of Mohenjo-Daro was very impressive. Each house was connected directly to an excellent drainage system, which indicates a highly developed municipal life.

✅Granaries: The largest building found at Mohenjo-Daro is a granary, running 150 feet long, 75 feet wide and 15 feet high. It was well ventilated and it was possible to fill grain in from outside. The large size of the granary probably indicates a highly developed agricultural civilization.

✅Great Bath: The Great bath at Mohenjo-Daro is about 179 feet long and 107 feet wide. The complex has a large quadrangle in the center with galleries and rooms on all sides. In the center of this quadrangle there is a large swimming enclosure that is 39 feet long, 23 feet wide and 8 feet deep. The entire complex is connected to an elaborate water supply and sewer system. The Great Bath was probably used for religious or ritualistic purposes.

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Economic survey 2023-24 hindi

Forest Cover in the Country

✅The tree cover in India increased by 721 square kilometer during 2019 to 2021.

✅As per the latest India State of Forest Report (ISFR) published in 2021, the total forest cover of the country is 7,13,789 square kilometer which is 21.71% of the geographical area of the country.
Economics survey