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🔆Biological Disaster :

Biological disasters are scenarios involving disease, disability or death on a large scale among humans, animals and plants due to toxins or disease caused by live organisms or their products.
Such disasters may be natural in the form of epidemics or pandemics or man-made by the intentional use of disease causing agents in Biological Warfare (BW) operations or incidents of Bioterrorism (BT).

Types of Biological Disasters :

✅ Natural: An epidemic affects a disproportionately large number of individuals. It is an epidemic that is spread across a continent or worldwide.
✅ Man-Made: Biological Warfare and Bioterrorism are man-made biological disasters.

Causes of Epidemics :

✅ Poor sanitary conditions leading to contamination of food and water or
✅ due to inadequate disposal of human or animal carcasses in post disaster situations
✅ They become real dangers during floods and earthquakes.
✅ Poor solid waste management may create epidemics like plague.

▪️Major sources of Epidemics in India : In India, the major sources of epidemics can be broadly categorized as follows:

✅Water-borne diseases like cholera (and forms of gastroenteritis), typhoid, Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B etc. - major epidemics of such diseases have been recorded in the past and continue to occur;
✅ Vector-borne (often mosquito-borne) epidemics like dengue fever, chikungunya fever, Japanese encephalitis, malaria, kala-azar etc., which usually occur in certain regions of the country;
✅ Person to person transmission of diseases e.g. AIDS and other venereal diseases; and
✅ Air-borne diseases like influenza and measles that can also be transmitted through fomites (used clothes etc.).

▪️Trends Favouring Biological Disaster :

✅ Low cost and wide spread availability
✅ More efficient in terms of coverage per kilogram of payload
✅ Advances in biotechnology has made production easy
✅ Used agents are largely natural pathogens to simulate existing diseases
✅ Have unmatched destructive potential
✅ Lethal biological agents can be produced easily and cheaply
✅ The lag time between infection and appearance of symptoms are longer than with chemical exposure.

▪️Consequences of Biological Disaster Student Notes:

✅ It can result into heavy mortalities in the short term leading to a depletion of population with a corresponding drop in economic activity .
✅ It leads to diversion of substantial resources of an economy to contain the disaster.
✅ Bio weapons of mass destruction

▪️Prevention and Mitigation Measures :

✅ The general population should be educated and made aware of the thread and risks
associated with it.
✅ Only cooked food and boiled/chlorinated/filtered water should be consumed.
✅ Insects and rodent control measures must be initiated immediately.
✅ Clinical isolation of suspected and confirmed cases is essential.
✅ A network of laboratories should be established for proper laboratory diagnosis.
✅ Existing diseases surveillance system as well as vector control measures have to be pursued more rigorously.
✅ Mass immunization programs in suspected areas have to be followed more rigorously.
✅ More focus should be given on the research of the vaccines which are not available.


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🔆Fiscal Federalism :

✅Seventh Schedule: Tax Bases Delineated in Union and State Lists (Article 246).
✅Distribution of Revenue:
🔸Article 269: Taxes levied and collected by Centre, assigned to states.
🔸Article 269-A: GST in inter-state trade.
✅Article 270: Taxes distributed between Union and states per Finance Commission.
✅Article 275: Financial assistance to States in form of grants-in-aid charged to revenue of India.
✅Borrowings:
🔸Article 292: Union can borrow domestically or internationally.
🔸Article 293: State can only borrow domestically.
✅Article 280: Finance Commission constituted to adjudicate sharing of resources between Union and States.

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Urban Naxalism : It refers to the presence and activities of Naxalites or CPI (Maoist) in urban areas. As per the Maoist strategy, urban areas are crucial for providing cadres, leadership, and logistical support for the people’s war. The key objectives are mobilizing masses, building a united front, and military tasks. Activities include maintaining safe houses, providing logistics, and recruiting youth and workers.

CSE 2023

Registration of 99th FC will open from today and close on July 28th, 2024.
Please note that at this point, it would suffice to fill in the Descriptive Roll component of the registration form. (Other forms may be filled and documents uploaded post the allocation of service by DoPT.


Link: https://sargam.lbsnaa.gov.in/LBSNAARP/

Intangible Cultural Heritage of India: Beyond Monuments and Landscapes

✅The term ‘cultural heritage’ has changed content considerably in recent decades, partially owing to the instruments developed by UNESCO.

✅Cultural heritage does not end at monuments and collections of objects. It also includes traditions or living expressions inherited from our ancestors and passed on to our descendants, such as oral traditions, performing arts, social practices, rituals, festive events, knowledge and practices concerning nature and the universe or the knowledge and skills to produce traditional crafts

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Right to Internet :

✅ Faheema Shirin v. State of Kerala: Kerala High court recognized that mobile phones and internet access through it are part and parcel of the day-to-day life. The court took the view that right to be able to access the internet has been read into the fundamental right to life and liberty, as well as privacy under Article 21. The court added that it constitutes an essential part of the infrastructure of freedom of speech and expression.

✅Anuradha Bhasin v. Union of India: The Supreme Court held that right to freedom of speech and expression and right to practise any profession, or to carry on any occupation, trade or business over the medium of internet is constitutionally protected under Article 19(1)(a) and 19(1)(g).

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RBI Grade B

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