🔆Office of Speaker
✅ Speaker is the head of Lok Sabha, and its representative. It is constitutional office under Article 93. He/She is the guardian of powers and privileges of the members. He/She is ultimate interpreter and arbiter of provisions which relate to functioning of House.
✅Judicial Pronouncements:
🔸 In Keisham Meghachandra Singh Case, SC said disqualification petitions are entrusted to a speaker, can be replaced by a permanent tribunal.
🔸 Kihoto Holohan Case 1992- Speakers decision in anti-defection law subject to judicial review.
✅ Issues :
✅Role under anti-defection law: Speaker has authority to disqualify MPs or MLA on grounds of defection. ex Manipur Speaker in 2020.
✅ On declaring money bill: Speaker’s decision to certify Aadhaar bill as money bill was criticised on this ground.
✅ Legislative proceedings: For instance, suspension of MLAs of Tamil Nadu Assembly in 2016.
✅ Allegations of partisanship
✅ Disruptions in the house: Recent Budget Session had lowest productivity in five years, and 17th Lok Sabha is expected to have the fewest sitting days since 1952,
✅ Suggestions
✅ Reduce role of speaker in Anti-defection law
✅ Follow Britain’s model to uphold impartiality.
✅ Continuation based on performance: Page Committee, allowing the Speaker to continue in next Parliament if they exhibited impartiality and efficiency during their tenure.
✅ Restrictions on political office.
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✅ Speaker is the head of Lok Sabha, and its representative. It is constitutional office under Article 93. He/She is the guardian of powers and privileges of the members. He/She is ultimate interpreter and arbiter of provisions which relate to functioning of House.
✅Judicial Pronouncements:
🔸 In Keisham Meghachandra Singh Case, SC said disqualification petitions are entrusted to a speaker, can be replaced by a permanent tribunal.
🔸 Kihoto Holohan Case 1992- Speakers decision in anti-defection law subject to judicial review.
✅Role under anti-defection law: Speaker has authority to disqualify MPs or MLA on grounds of defection. ex Manipur Speaker in 2020.
✅ On declaring money bill: Speaker’s decision to certify Aadhaar bill as money bill was criticised on this ground.
✅ Legislative proceedings: For instance, suspension of MLAs of Tamil Nadu Assembly in 2016.
✅ Allegations of partisanship
✅ Disruptions in the house: Recent Budget Session had lowest productivity in five years, and 17th Lok Sabha is expected to have the fewest sitting days since 1952,
✅ Reduce role of speaker in Anti-defection law
✅ Follow Britain’s model to uphold impartiality.
✅ Continuation based on performance: Page Committee, allowing the Speaker to continue in next Parliament if they exhibited impartiality and efficiency during their tenure.
✅ Restrictions on political office.
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⏳ 86 days for CSM24 [ 20-09-24]
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⏳18 days UKPSC Prelims ( 14 July)
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🔆Nikah halala and Muta
▪️About Nikah halala:
✅Nikah halala is a law that requires a woman to marry and sleep with another man in order to return to her first husband.
✅Nikah Halala is made up of two words:
🔸nikah meaning marriage and
🔸halala meaning making
✅something permissible or halal.
✅This is a practice followed by some Muslims where a woman, divorced by her husband by triple talaq, has to go through a certain procedure if she wants to remarry the same person she got divorced with.
✅There have been instances where the husband regrets divorcing his wife through triple talaq and in the hope of reconciliation, hands over his divorced wife to another man for marriage, under the condition that the latter would divorce the woman the next day.
✅In modern India, nikah halala has been manipulated and misused.
▪️Constitutional Validity:
✅Using Nikah Halala as a way of remarriage is contended to be violative of some fundamental rights:
🔸Article 14:
✅Right to Equality:
✅The practice puts women under a disadvantageous position.
✅They are not treated as equals to the men.
🔸Article 15(1):
✅Right against Discrimination:
On the basis of sex that is a person being a woman, they are subjected to arbitrary decisions put forward by the husbands which they bear the consequences for.
🔸Article 21:
✅Right to Life:
✅Right to Life includes a right to leading a dignified life.
✅These practices are derogatory to the dignity of a woman.
▪️About Muta:
✅The meaning of ‘Muta’ is enjoyment.
✅Muta Marriage is a marriage for a fixed period of time that is only for sexual pleasure.
✅Muslim Law in a Shia sect recognises the concept of Muta Marriage.
▪️Conditions and of Muta Marriage:
✅The parties must have attained the age of puberty, which is above 15 years of age.
✅There is no restriction on the number of Muta wives.
✅There must be free consent by the parties.
✅The time period and Dower must be mentioned in the nikah nama.
✅The cohabitation between the parties is lawful.
✅The children born out of such marriage are legitimate and have the right to inherit the properties of both parents.
✅The husband and wife don’t have any mutual right of inheritance.
✅Muta wife is not entitled to claim maintenance under personal law, but she can claim under The Code of Criminal Procedure.
✅Divorce is not recognised under Muta Marriage.
✅Termination of Muta Marriage
✅Expiry of the time period.
Death of either party.
✅Hiba I Muddat, that is, husband gifts the unexpired term of the marriage.
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▪️About Nikah halala:
✅Nikah halala is a law that requires a woman to marry and sleep with another man in order to return to her first husband.
✅Nikah Halala is made up of two words:
🔸nikah meaning marriage and
🔸halala meaning making
✅something permissible or halal.
✅This is a practice followed by some Muslims where a woman, divorced by her husband by triple talaq, has to go through a certain procedure if she wants to remarry the same person she got divorced with.
✅There have been instances where the husband regrets divorcing his wife through triple talaq and in the hope of reconciliation, hands over his divorced wife to another man for marriage, under the condition that the latter would divorce the woman the next day.
✅In modern India, nikah halala has been manipulated and misused.
▪️Constitutional Validity:
✅Using Nikah Halala as a way of remarriage is contended to be violative of some fundamental rights:
🔸Article 14:
✅Right to Equality:
✅The practice puts women under a disadvantageous position.
✅They are not treated as equals to the men.
🔸Article 15(1):
✅Right against Discrimination:
On the basis of sex that is a person being a woman, they are subjected to arbitrary decisions put forward by the husbands which they bear the consequences for.
🔸Article 21:
✅Right to Life:
✅Right to Life includes a right to leading a dignified life.
✅These practices are derogatory to the dignity of a woman.
▪️About Muta:
✅The meaning of ‘Muta’ is enjoyment.
✅Muta Marriage is a marriage for a fixed period of time that is only for sexual pleasure.
✅Muslim Law in a Shia sect recognises the concept of Muta Marriage.
▪️Conditions and of Muta Marriage:
✅The parties must have attained the age of puberty, which is above 15 years of age.
✅There is no restriction on the number of Muta wives.
✅There must be free consent by the parties.
✅The time period and Dower must be mentioned in the nikah nama.
✅The cohabitation between the parties is lawful.
✅The children born out of such marriage are legitimate and have the right to inherit the properties of both parents.
✅The husband and wife don’t have any mutual right of inheritance.
✅Muta wife is not entitled to claim maintenance under personal law, but she can claim under The Code of Criminal Procedure.
✅Divorce is not recognised under Muta Marriage.
✅Termination of Muta Marriage
✅Expiry of the time period.
Death of either party.
✅Hiba I Muddat, that is, husband gifts the unexpired term of the marriage.
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🔆TRIBES IN INDIA :
✅In a traditional civilization, a tribe is a social division made up of families connected by social, economic, and familial ties as well as by common culture and dialect.
✅ The Indian Constitution recognizes tribal communities as "Scheduled Tribes" under Schedule 5 of the Constitution.
✅Himalayan region : Tribes like the Gaddi, the Jaunsari, the Naga, etc,
✅Middle India : Tribes like the Munda, the Santal, etc
✅Western India : Tribes like the Bhil, the Grasia, etc.
✅South Indian region : Tribes like the Toda, the Chenchu, etc.
✅Andaman and Nicobar : Jarawas, Onges, Sentinelese, Shompens.
FACT WISE
✅According to the 2011 census, tribals make up 8.6% of India's population.
✅ There are over 705 tribal groups in India, out of which around 75 are Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs).
✅ As per the 2011 census of India, Bhil is the most populous tribe with a total population of 4,618, 068 constituting 37.7% of the total Schedulaed Tribe population.
✅The largest number of tribal communities (62) are found in Odisha.
✅9th August is considered World Tribal Day or International Day of the World’s Indigenous Peoples.
✅ 15th November is celebrated as Janjatiya Gaurav divas celebrated to recognize the efforts of the tribals in the preservation of cultural heritage and it also marks the birth anniversary of Birsa Munda.
✅ According to the Socio-Economic and Caste Census (SECC) 2011, about 45% of the tribal households in India are below the poverty line.
✅In the Budget 2023-24 the overall outlay for the Ministry of Tribal Affairs is Rs. 12461.88 cr, i.e an increase of 70.69% over the previous year’s Revised Estimate (RE) of Rs.7301.00 crore.
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✅In a traditional civilization, a tribe is a social division made up of families connected by social, economic, and familial ties as well as by common culture and dialect.
✅ The Indian Constitution recognizes tribal communities as "Scheduled Tribes" under Schedule 5 of the Constitution.
✅Himalayan region : Tribes like the Gaddi, the Jaunsari, the Naga, etc,
✅Middle India : Tribes like the Munda, the Santal, etc
✅Western India : Tribes like the Bhil, the Grasia, etc.
✅South Indian region : Tribes like the Toda, the Chenchu, etc.
✅Andaman and Nicobar : Jarawas, Onges, Sentinelese, Shompens.
FACT WISE
✅According to the 2011 census, tribals make up 8.6% of India's population.
✅ There are over 705 tribal groups in India, out of which around 75 are Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs).
✅ As per the 2011 census of India, Bhil is the most populous tribe with a total population of 4,618, 068 constituting 37.7% of the total Schedulaed Tribe population.
✅The largest number of tribal communities (62) are found in Odisha.
✅9th August is considered World Tribal Day or International Day of the World’s Indigenous Peoples.
✅ 15th November is celebrated as Janjatiya Gaurav divas celebrated to recognize the efforts of the tribals in the preservation of cultural heritage and it also marks the birth anniversary of Birsa Munda.
✅ According to the Socio-Economic and Caste Census (SECC) 2011, about 45% of the tribal households in India are below the poverty line.
✅In the Budget 2023-24 the overall outlay for the Ministry of Tribal Affairs is Rs. 12461.88 cr, i.e an increase of 70.69% over the previous year’s Revised Estimate (RE) of Rs.7301.00 crore.
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TARAKNATH DAS
✅Taraknath Das (15 June 1884 – 22 December 1958) was an Indian revolutionary and internationalist scholar.
Tarak was born at Majupara, in the 24 Parganas district of West Bengal.
✅Coming from a lower-middle-class family, his father Kalimohan was a clerk at the Central Telegraph Office in Calcutta.
✅At a young age Das was attracted by the revolutionary cause of the Anushilan Samiti, a secret society, and became its member.
✅On the advice of Jatindranath Mukherjee, Das escaped initially to Japan and then moved to the United States of America.
✅Taraknath Das reached Seattle on 12 July 1906 and subsequently got enrolled in the University of California.
✅In the United States, Das was actively participating in the political activities of the South Asian immigrants.
✅Following the Bellingham riots of September 1907 against South Asian immigrants, he started the publication of an anti-British newspaper, ‘Free Hindusthan’ to champion the cause of these immigrants.
✅In 1913, Das came in contact with Har Dayal and got associated with the Ghadar Movement and its anti-colonial activities. In 1917, he was implicated in the Indo-German conspiracy case for which he was imprisoned in Kansas for two years.
✅Das continued to be involved in revolutionary activities throughout his life, his writings maintained a strong anti-British stance, instilling nationalism in the minds of the readers.
✅Taraknath Das (15 June 1884 – 22 December 1958) was an Indian revolutionary and internationalist scholar.
Tarak was born at Majupara, in the 24 Parganas district of West Bengal.
✅Coming from a lower-middle-class family, his father Kalimohan was a clerk at the Central Telegraph Office in Calcutta.
✅At a young age Das was attracted by the revolutionary cause of the Anushilan Samiti, a secret society, and became its member.
✅On the advice of Jatindranath Mukherjee, Das escaped initially to Japan and then moved to the United States of America.
✅Taraknath Das reached Seattle on 12 July 1906 and subsequently got enrolled in the University of California.
✅In the United States, Das was actively participating in the political activities of the South Asian immigrants.
✅Following the Bellingham riots of September 1907 against South Asian immigrants, he started the publication of an anti-British newspaper, ‘Free Hindusthan’ to champion the cause of these immigrants.
✅In 1913, Das came in contact with Har Dayal and got associated with the Ghadar Movement and its anti-colonial activities. In 1917, he was implicated in the Indo-German conspiracy case for which he was imprisoned in Kansas for two years.
✅Das continued to be involved in revolutionary activities throughout his life, his writings maintained a strong anti-British stance, instilling nationalism in the minds of the readers.
#Goodmorning
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Digital Arrest (Digital Confinement)
✅Digital arrests are a type of sophisticated cyber fraud used by cyber-criminals where they impersonate law enforcement officials like police, Enforcement Directorate, CBI etc. to defraud gullible victims and extort money.
✅ The fraudsters in this case manipulate the victims to believe that they have committed some serious crime and threaten them with imminent arrest, legal consequences, or public humiliation for not cooperating with a series of urgent demands.
✅They often force the victims to self-arrest themselves, by making them believe that they have been put under ‘digital arrest’ and cannot leave their house unless they pay up. Hence, the cyber criminals often force the naive victims to self-arrest or self-quarantine themselves.
✅Digital arrests are a type of sophisticated cyber fraud used by cyber-criminals where they impersonate law enforcement officials like police, Enforcement Directorate, CBI etc. to defraud gullible victims and extort money.
✅ The fraudsters in this case manipulate the victims to believe that they have committed some serious crime and threaten them with imminent arrest, legal consequences, or public humiliation for not cooperating with a series of urgent demands.
✅They often force the victims to self-arrest themselves, by making them believe that they have been put under ‘digital arrest’ and cannot leave their house unless they pay up. Hence, the cyber criminals often force the naive victims to self-arrest or self-quarantine themselves.
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🔆WEAVING AS A LIVELIHOOD
✅ According to some estimates, the handloom industry may be the largest source of employment in India next only to agriculture.
✅ Unfortunately, the lack of reliable data regarding this sector is but one of the many challenges that it faces today.
✅ The other big challenge faced by the sector is competition from products made by the powerloom which are much cheaper and available in much larger quantities.
✅ The prevalence of machine-made goods has lured many weavers away from traditional hand-weaving techniques.
✅ Another challenge for the weavers is fast- changing fashion and design preferences. Few weavers have formal training in the design and marketing of products, especially those which are in demand in urban centres.
✅ Thus, many weavers, instead of passing their skills to the next generation, choose to encourage their children to work in offices, in the hope of a better life.
Ray of Hope :
✅With the current interest in handmade and sustainable products, there is renewed hope for weavers.
✅Weaving by hand produces no emissions and uses natural raw materials.
✅Today, several Indian fashion designers are working with rural weaving clusters international fashion houses too are showing interest in Indian handicraft and handloom practices.
✅ The other positive development is the advent of e-commerce. Weavers have easy access to whole new markets, information, and connectivity, and they can choose to market their products online.
✅Some organisations and corporate houses are supporting weavers in the entire value chain from providing raw materials to marketing their products.
Conclusion
✅ Not many other countries can boast of such a rich culture of hand work particularly handlooms.
✅ It is a rare privilege to have weavers with such skill and knowledge even today and we must each do our bit to understand, support, and encourage handlooms.
#mains
#GS3
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✅ According to some estimates, the handloom industry may be the largest source of employment in India next only to agriculture.
✅ Unfortunately, the lack of reliable data regarding this sector is but one of the many challenges that it faces today.
✅ The other big challenge faced by the sector is competition from products made by the powerloom which are much cheaper and available in much larger quantities.
✅ The prevalence of machine-made goods has lured many weavers away from traditional hand-weaving techniques.
✅ Another challenge for the weavers is fast- changing fashion and design preferences. Few weavers have formal training in the design and marketing of products, especially those which are in demand in urban centres.
✅ Thus, many weavers, instead of passing their skills to the next generation, choose to encourage their children to work in offices, in the hope of a better life.
Ray of Hope :
✅With the current interest in handmade and sustainable products, there is renewed hope for weavers.
✅Weaving by hand produces no emissions and uses natural raw materials.
✅Today, several Indian fashion designers are working with rural weaving clusters international fashion houses too are showing interest in Indian handicraft and handloom practices.
✅ The other positive development is the advent of e-commerce. Weavers have easy access to whole new markets, information, and connectivity, and they can choose to market their products online.
✅Some organisations and corporate houses are supporting weavers in the entire value chain from providing raw materials to marketing their products.
Conclusion
✅ Not many other countries can boast of such a rich culture of hand work particularly handlooms.
✅ It is a rare privilege to have weavers with such skill and knowledge even today and we must each do our bit to understand, support, and encourage handlooms.
#mains
#GS3
JOIN @CSE_EXAM
#Goodmorning
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