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๐Ÿ›‘ุงู„ุฌูˆุงุจ

โœ…ุฌู…ูŠุน ู…ุฏุฑุงุช ุงู„ุจูˆู„ ุฃู‚ู„ ูุนุงู„ูŠุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุฑุถู‰ ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ูŠุนุงู†ูˆู† ู…ู† ุงุฎุชู„ุงู„ ูˆุธุงุฆู ุงู„ูƒู„ู‰. ูŠุฌุจ ุฃู† ูŠุตู„ ูƒู„ ู…ู† ู…ุฏุฑุงุช ุงู„ุจูˆู„ Thiazide ู…ุซู„ Hydrochlorothiazide ูˆู…ุฏุฑุงุช loop diuretics ู…ุซู„ ู„ุงุฒูƒุณ  ุฅู„ู‰ ู…ู†ุทู‚ู‡ lumen of renal tubule ุนุดุงู† ุชุนู…ู„ ุŒ ุจู†ูุณ ุงู„ูˆู‚ุช ู‡ู†ุงูƒ  ู†ุงู‚ู„ุงุช ุงู„ organic acid ุชุชูˆุณุทู‡ุง ููŠ ู…ู†ุทู‚ู‡ proximal tubule  ุŒ ูู…ุฑูŠุถ ุงู„ูุดู„ ุงู„ูƒู„ูˆูŠ ูŠู‚ู„  ู„ุฏูŠู‡ ู…ุนุฏู„ ุงู„ุชุฑุดูŠุญ ุงู„ูƒู„ูˆูŠ GFR โฌ…๏ธ ุจุชุงู„ูŠ ูƒู…ูŠู‡ organic acid  ูŠุฒูŠุฏ โฌ…๏ธุจุชุงู„ูŠ ูŠุญุตู„ ู…ู†ุงูุณู‡ ู…ุน ุงู„ู…ุฏุฑุงุช ู„ู„ุงู†ุชู‚ุงู„ ุฅู„ู‰ ู…ู†ู‚ุทู‡ tubule lumen ูุงู„ู…ุฏุฑุงุช ุฎุงุตู‡ Thiazide ุฃู‚ู„ ูุนุงู„ูŠู‡ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ู†ุงูุณู‡ ู…ุน ูƒู…ูŠู‡ organic acid


โœ…ู„ู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุญุจู‡ุง ุจุงู„ู„ุบู‡ ุงู„ุงู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠู‡

๐Ÿ›‘All diuretics are less effective in patients with impaired kidney function. Both thiazide and loop diuretics must reach the lumen of the renal tubule to act, a process mediated by organic acid transporters in the proximal tubule
โœ…. As glomerular filtration rate (GFR) decreases, organic acid levels increase, and these acids compete with diuretics for transport into the tubular lumen. Thiazides are less effective in competing with accumulating organic acids than loop diuretics in this setting
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๐Ÿ›‘ hyperglycemia treatment in crtical care patients

โœ…There is no universally accepted insulin regimen for glycemic control in critically ill patients. However, in general, we use short-acting preparations as either an intermittent subcutaneous regimen (eg, four- to six-hour dosing) or continuous infusion to achieve the optimal target value (ie, 140 to 180 mg
โœ…Our concern regarding avoidance of using longer-acting insulin preparations during early phases of critical illness before patients have stabilized is that the insulin requirement may change acutely (eg, discontinuation of enteral or parenteral feeding or glucocorticoids), thereby placing the patient at risk of developing hypoglycemia.


๐Ÿ›‘Choosing between an intermittent regimen and an infusion depends upon factors including the level of blood glucose, the presence of diabetes, agents that induce hyperglycemia, and response to the insulin regimen used.

โœ…In patients whose blood glucose is consistently above 180 mg/dL for 12 hours or more, we generally initiate an intermittent sliding-scale subcutaneous regimen, provided the patient does not have diabetic ketoacidosis.

โœ…If blood glucose continues be uncontrolled during the ensuing 24 hours, we typically escalate to a more aggressive intermittent sliding-scale regimen (ie, increase the dose and/or frequency of insulin) before initiating an insulin infusion.


โœ…For some patients, the threshold to start an insulin infusion may be lower. This includes patients with diabetes, patients with labile values, and patients with severely elevated blood glucose levels (eg, >250 mg/dL


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๐Ÿ›‘ุจู†ุณุจู‡ ู„ ุงู„ู…ุณูƒู†ุงุช ู„ chronic pain ููŠ ู…ุฑูŠุถ ุงู„ูุดู„ ุงู„ูƒู„ูˆูŠ ุงู„ู…ุฒู…ู† ุจุชุญุฏูŠุฏ Stage 4 ูˆ 5 ู…ุงู‡ูŠ ุงู„ู…ุณูƒู†ุงุช ุงู„ุฐูŠ ู…ุณู…ูˆุญ ู†ุงุฎุฐู‡ุง ูˆู…ุงู‡ูŠ ุงู„ุชูŠ ู†ุณุชุฎุฏู…ู‡ุง ุจุญุฐุฑ ูˆู…ุงู‡ูŠ ุงู„ุชูŠ ู†ุชุฌู†ุจู‡ุง ู…ูˆุถุญู‡ ููŠ ุฌุฏูˆู„โค๏ธ

Preferred analgesic medications for chronic pain management in CKD stages 4 and 5
โ›”ุชุฎูŠู„ ุชูƒูˆู† ู…ูŠุฏูŠูƒุงู„ ุฑูŠุจ ุงูˆ ุตูŠุฏู„ุงู†ูŠ ู„ุงุญุฏ ุฃุตู†ุงู ุงุฏูˆูŠู‡ PPI ู…ุซู„ pantoprazole ูˆูŠุณุงู„ูƒ ุงู„ุทุจูŠุจ ู„ู…ุงุฐุง ู†ุงุฎุฐ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุงุฏูˆูŠู‡ ุบุงู„ุจุง ููŠ ุงู„ุตุจุงุญ ุงู„ุจุงูƒุฑ ู…ุด ููŠ ูˆู‚ุช ุซุงู†ูŠ ุŸุŸ
โœ…ุงู„ุฌูˆุงุจ ุงู„ุนู„ู…ูŠ ู„ุงู†ู‡ ูƒู…ูŠู‡ H-K-ATPase ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุชุดุชุบู„ ุนู„ูŠู‡ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุงุฏูˆูŠุฉ ุชูƒูˆู† ู…ุชูˆุงุฌุฏู‡ ููŠ ุงู„ุฎู„ูŠู‡ ุงู„ุฌุฏุงุฑูŠู‡ (parietal cell ) ุจุดูƒู„ ุงูƒุจุฑ ุจุนุฏ ูุชุฑู‡ ุตูŠุงู… ุทูˆูŠู„ ุนู† ุงู„ุทุนุงู…
๐Ÿ›‘Because the amount of H-K-ATPase present in the parietal cell is greatest after a prolonged fast, PPIs should be administered before the first meal of the day
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๐Ÿ›‘ู‡ู„ ู…ู…ูƒู† ุงู†ู‡  ู…ุนุงู„ุฌุฉ ุงู„ุงุฑุชุฌุงุน ุงู„ู…ุฑูŠุฆูŠ ุงู„ู…ูŽุนุฏููŠ ูŠุชุฃุซุฑ  ุจู…ุนุงู„ุฌุฉ ุฌุฑุซูˆู…ู‡ ุงู„ู…ุนุฏู‡ ุŸุŸ

โœ…ุงู„ุงุฌุงุจู‡ ู†ุนู… ุญุณุจ ุงู„ ู†ูˆุน gastritis ุงู„ู…ุฑุงูู‚ ู„ H.pylori

โœ…ู„ูˆ ูƒุงู† ู…ุฑูŠุถ ุงู„ุงุฑุชุฌุงุน ู„ุฏูŠู‡ gastritis ู†ูˆุนู‡ corpus-dominant  gastritis ููŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุญุงู„ู‡ ู„ูˆ ุนุงู„ุฌุช ุฌุฑุซูˆู…ู‡ ุงู„ู…ุนุฏู‡ ูˆุนู…ู„ุช ู„ู‡ุง eradication ู…ู…ูƒู† ูŠุญุตู„ worsen ู„ GERD ูˆูุนุงู„ูŠุฉ ุงุฏูˆูŠู‡ PPI ุชู‚ู„
โœ…ุงู…ุง ู„ูˆ ูƒุงู† ู…ุฑูŠุถ ุงู„ุงุฑุชุฌุงุน ู„ุฏูŠู‡ antral-dominant gastritis ู…ู…ูƒู† ู…ุนุงู„ุฌู‡ ุฌุฑุซูˆู…ู‡ ุงู„ู…ุนุฏู‡ ุชุญุณู† ู…ู† ู…ุนุงู„ุฌุฉ ุงู„ุงุฑุชุฌุงุน
๐Ÿ›‘ Eradication of H. pylori is associated with mild worsening of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) in patients with corpus-dominant or pangastritis and improvement in those with antral-dominant gastritis. These effects must be balanced against the risks of continued infection

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#Salah
#remember
โœ…In postmenopausal osteoporosis, 1200 mg of calcium daily (total diet plus supplement) and 800 international units of vitamin D daily are advised.
โœ…In premenopausal osteoporosis or in males with osteoporosis, 1000 mg of calcium (total of diet and supplement) and 600 international units of vitamin D daily are generally suggested. 
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๐Ÿ›‘ ู‡ู„ ูƒู„ ู…ุฑูŠุถ ุฑุงุญ ูŠุงุฎุฐ ุงุฏูˆูŠู‡ PPI ุฑุงุญ ูŠุญุชุงุฌ ูุญุต ุงู„ู…ุบู†ูŠุณูŠูˆู…ุŸ

โœ…ุงู„ุงุฌุงุจู‡ ู„ุง ู…ุด ูƒู„ ุงู„ุญุงู„ุงุช ู…ู…ูƒู† ููŠ ุงู„ุญุงู„ุงุช ุงู„ุงุชูŠู‡

โœ…ุงู„ู…ุฑุถู‰ ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุชูˆู‚ุน ุฃู† ูŠุชู„ู‚ูˆุง ุนู„ุงุฌู‹ุง ู…ู† ุงุฏูˆูŠู‡ PPi ุทูˆูŠู„ ุงู„ุฃู…ุฏ (ุณู†ุฉ ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ ุฃูˆ ุฃูƒุซุฑ)
โœ… ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุฑุถู‰ ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ุฑุงุญ ูŠุงุฎุฐูˆุง PPi ุจุงู„ุชุฒุงู…ู† ู…ุน ุฃุฏูˆูŠุฉ ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ู…ุฑุชุจุทุฉ ุจู†ู‚ุต ุงู„ู…ุบู†ูŠุณูŠูˆู… ุงู„ุฏู… ู…ุซู„ ู…ุฏุฑุงุช ุงู„ุจูˆู„

โœ…ุงู„ู…ุฑุถู‰ ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ู„ุฏูŠู‡ู… history ู„ arrhythmias or QT interval prolongation ู…ู…ูƒู† ู†ุฑุงู‚ุจ ู…ุณุชูˆู‰ ุงู„ู…ุบู†ูŠุณูŠูˆู… ูƒู„ 6 ุงุดู‡ุฑ



๐Ÿ›‘obtain serum magnesium levels prior to starting a PPI in patients who are expected to be on long-term (โ‰ฅ1 year) treatment or in patients who take PPIs in conjunction with other medications associated with hypomagnesemia (eg, diuretics). In addition, we obtain magnesium levels periodically in such patients while they are taking a PPI. The frequency of testing is based on the clinical history and the presence of symptoms of hypomagnesemia. As an example, in patients with a history of arrhythmias or QT interval prolongation, we monitor magnesium levels every six months.

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โœ…Patients taking biotin should hold the supplement for two days prior to assessing thyroid function and longer if they are taking more than 10 mg a day
โœ…ุทุจุนุง ุงู„ biotin ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุทู„ู‚ ุนู„ูŠู‡ ููŠุชุงู…ูŠู† B7 ุงูˆ vitamin H ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ููŠ multivitamin ุงูˆ ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ู„ูˆุญุฏู‡ ุจุชุฑูƒูŠุฒ 1000mcg
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๐Ÿ›‘ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุนุฑูˆู ุจุฃู†ู‡ ููŠ ุงู„ุฌุฑุนุงุช ุงู„ุนู„ุงุฌูŠุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ู‡ูŠุจุงุฑูŠู† ู†ุณุชุฎุฏู… aPTT ู„ monitoring therapy
โœ…ู„ูƒู† ููŠ ุญุงู„ู‡ ุงุฎุฐ ุฌุฑุนุงุช ุนุงู„ูŠู‡ ู…ู† ุงู„ู‡ูŠุจุงุฑูŠู† ููŠ ุญุงู„ุงุช ู…ุซู„ cardiopulmonary bypass ุงูˆ ECMO ุงูˆ hemodialysis ููŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุญุงู„ู‡ ู…ู…ูƒู† ู…ุงูŠู†ูุน ู†ุณุชุฎุฏู… aPTT  ู„ุงู†ู‡ ุฌุฑุนุงุช ุงู„ู‡ูŠุจุงุฑูŠู† ุชูˆุฏูŠ ุฅู„ู‰ ุฑูุน  ุชุฑูƒูŠุฒ ุงู„ู‡ูŠุจุงุฑูŠู† ููŠ plasma  ููˆู‚ 1unit/mL  ูˆู‡ุฐุง  ูŠุนุฏูŠ ู†ุทุงู‚ aPTT test ู…ู…ูƒู† ู†ุณุชุฎุฏู… ACT test ุงู„ุฐูŠ ู‚ุฏ ูŠุนุทูŠ ู†ุชูŠุฌู‡ ุฏู‚ูŠู‚ู‡ ุญุชู‰ ู„ูˆ ุชุฑูƒูŠุฒ ุงู„ู‡ูŠุจุงุฑูŠู† ููŠ plasma  ู…ู† 1 ุฅู„ู‰ 5 unit/ml


๐Ÿ›‘ Patients receiving high-dose unfractionated heparin for cardiopulmonary bypass or other procedures such as extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) or hemodialysis can be monitored using the activated clotting time (ACT)
โœ… In these settings, the aPTT may not be useful because the doses of heparin administered often result in a plasma heparin concentration >1 unit/mL, which prolongs the aPTT beyond the linear monitoring range.
โœ…In contrast, the ACT shows a dose-response to heparin concentrations in the range of 1 to 5 units/mL


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โœ…ุดุฎุต ู…ุงุดูŠ ุนู„ู‰ ุงุฏูˆูŠู‡ PPI ูˆุงุญุชุงุฌ ู…ูƒู…ู„ุงุช ูƒุงู„ุณูŠูˆู… ูŠูุถู„ calcium citrate
๐Ÿ›‘Insoluble calcium, such as calcium carbonate, requires an acid environment for optimal absorption. As a result, drugs that reduce stomach acid secretion (PPIs and H2 blockers) may reduce calcium absorption. We usually recommend calcium citrate as a first-line calcium supplement in these patients.
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Clinical Notes
#remember โœ…In postmenopausal osteoporosis, 1200 mg of calcium daily (total diet plus supplement) and 800 international units of vitamin D daily are advised. โœ…In premenopausal osteoporosis or in males with osteoporosis, 1000 mg of calcium (total of diet andโ€ฆ
๐Ÿ›‘We suggest cholecalciferol (vitamin D3), when available, rather than ergocalciferol (vitamin D2) for vitamin D supplementation
โœ…Some , but not all , studies suggest that vitamin D3 increases serum 25(OH)D more efficiently than does vitamin D2 .
โœ… In addition, vitamin D2 is not accurately measured in all vitamin D assays. For these reasons, we suggest supplementation with vitamin D3, when possible, rather than vitamin D2.
‏"ูˆุฅู†ูู‘ูŠ ุฃุฌูŽุงู‡ูุฏู ูŠุง ุงู„ู„ู‡ ูƒูŠ ู„ุง ุฃุชู„ูˆุซ ุŒ ุฃุญูŽุงูˆูู„ ุฃู† ุฃูƒููˆู† ููŠ ุตููˆู ุงู„ุตุงู„ุญูŠู† ุ› ูุฃุนูู†ู‘ูŠ "โค๏ธ
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#remember
๐Ÿ›‘A plasma osmolal gap greater than 55 mosmol/kg and a mannitol dose exceeding 250 mg/kg every four hours increase the risk of reversible AKI.

โœ…Patients who develop kidney injury appear to recover kidney function rapidly if treated with hemodialysis to remove the excess mannitol

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#Salah
๐Ÿ›‘Common medical complications of stroke
Serious medical complications of stroke
Clinical Notes
ุจุฑู†ุงู…ุฌ BMJ best practices ู…ู† ุฃูุถู„ ุงู„ุจุฑุงู…ุฌ ุงู„ุทุจูŠู‡ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ู…ุงุฑุณู‡ ุงู„ุทุจูŠุฉ ู„ุทู„ุงุจ ุงู„ุทุจ ุจุบุถ ุงู„ู†ุถุฑ ุทู„ุงุจ ุจูˆูˆุฑุฏุŒ ุงูˆ ุทู„ุงุจ ุงู„ุงู…ุชูŠุงุฒ ุงูˆ ุงู„ุตูŠุฏู„ุฉ ุงู„ุณุฑูŠุฑูŠู‡ ุงูˆ ุงู„ุตูŠุฏู„ู‡ ุงู„ุนุงู…ู‡ ูˆุงู„ุฌู…ูŠู„ ููŠู‡ ุฃู†ู‡ ู†ุณุชุทูŠุน ุชุญู…ูŠู„ ุงู„ุจูŠุงู†ุงุช ูˆุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู…ู‡ ุฏูˆู† ุฅู†ุชุฑู†ุช ู„ูƒู† ู„ุณุจุจ ูƒุซุฑู‡ ุงู„ุถุบุท ุน ุงู„ุญุณุงุจ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูุนู„ุชู‡โ€ฆ
ุงู„ุณู„ุงู… ุนู„ูŠูƒู… ูˆุฑุญู…ุฉ ุงู„ู„ู‡ ูˆุจุฑูƒุงุชู‡
ู†ุตุฑ ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุงู„ู…ุฌุงู‡ุฏูŠู† ููŠ ุบุฒุฉ ูˆูู„ุณุทูŠู† ูˆุญู…ู‰ ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุงู‡ู„ู†ุง ููŠ ุบุฒุฉ

ุงู„ุญุณุงุจุงุช ุฐูŠ ุชุณุชุฎุฏู… ููŠ ุงู„ุจุฑู†ุงู…ุฌ ู†ูุณู‡ ู…ุด ู…ุฑุงุณู„ู‡ ุงู„ุจุฑูŠุฏ ุงู„ุฅู„ูƒุชุฑูˆู†ูŠ
ูˆุฌุฏุช ุขู„ุงู ุงู„ุฑุณุงูŠู„ ููŠ ุงู„ุจุฑูŠุฏุงุช
ู…ู† ู„ู… ูŠุณุชุทุน ุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู…ู‡ ุงูˆ ู„ู… ูŠูู‡ู…ู‡ ุงูˆ ุทุฑูŠู‚ู‡ ุชุณุฌูŠู„ ุงู„ุฏุฎูˆู„ ูŠุฑุงุณู„ู†ูŠ ุชู„ุฌุฑุงู… ู…ุด ููŠ ุงู„ุจุฑูŠุฏ ุงู„ุงูƒุชุฑูˆู†ูŠ
ุฐุง ุญุณุงุจูŠ
@m_rassam

ูˆุณูˆู ุฃูˆุถุญ ููŠ ููŠุฏูŠูˆุง ู‚ุฑูŠุจุง ุงู† ุดุงุก ุงู„ู„ู‡
๐Ÿ›‘Definition of high bleeding risk
is present if one major or two minor criteria (risk factors) for major bleeding are present

โœ…ู…ุชู‰ ู†ู‚ูˆู„ ุจุฃู† ุงู„ู…ุฑูŠุถ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุฑุงุญ ูŠุฎุถุน ู„ ู‚ุณุทุฑุฉ ู‚ู„ุจูŠุฉ PCI ุจูŠูƒูˆู† ู…ุนุฑุถ ู„ู„ู†ุฒูŠู

โœ…ุงุฐุง ูˆุฌุฏ one major factor ุงูˆ ุงุซู†ูŠู† ู…ู† minor factor
ู…ูˆุถุญ ููŠ ุงู„ุตูˆุฑู‡ ูˆุงู„ุฌุฏูˆู„
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๐Ÿ›‘ู…ุณุงุก ุงู„ุฎูŠุฑ
โœ…ู†ุญู† ู†ุฏุฑูƒ ุฃู‡ู…ูŠุฉ ุฏูˆุงุก ุงู„ุฃุณุจุฑูŠู† ููŠ ู…ุฑุถู‰ ุงู„ู‚ู„ุจ ุจุชุญุฏูŠุฏ secondary prevention ูˆููŠ ู…ุฑุถู‰ ischemic strokeุŒู…ุงุฐุง ู„ูˆ ูƒุงู† ุงู„ู…ุฑูŠุถ ู„ุฏูŠู‡ ุชุญุณุณ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุณุจุฑูŠู† ู…ุงู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุญู„ ุŒ ุฑุงุญ ุงู‚ุฑุงุก ุชุนู„ูŠู‚ุงุชูƒู… ุงูˆู„ุง ุซู… ู†ุทุฑุญ ุงู„ุญู„ูˆู„ ุงู„ุนู„ู…ูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ู…ูƒู†ุฉ
#Salah
2024/09/30 13:34:54
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