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#remember
๐Ÿ›‘Contraindications to computed tomography pulmonary angiography (CTPA)
ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุณุชุฎุฏู… ู„ ุชุฃูƒูŠุฏ ูˆุฌูˆุฏ Pulmonary embolism
โœ…include allergy to intravenous contrast,
โœ…high risk of contrast nephropathy (eGFR <45 mL/min/1.73 m2,
โœ… known diabetic nephropathy,
โœ… hypotension,
โœ…advanced heart failure,
โœ…multiple myeloma)
#UpTodate2023
๐Ÿ›‘treatment insomnia in palliative care
โœ…If a patient has insomnia due to delirium (eg, accompanied by restlessness, agitation, or psychosis), prescribing zolpidem or benzodiazepines or using the over-the-counter agent diphenhydramine to treat insomnia may worsen the delirium.
โœ…Patients with end-stage chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) may experience worsened respiratory function when prescribed benzodiazepines.

โœ…. For patients with insomnia related to pruritus, doxepin may help treat the pruritus as well
โœ…Mirtazapine  mirtazapine is associated with sedative side effects (at least at doses of 7.5 to 15 mg), which may be useful for the treatment of the depressed or anxious patient also experiencing insomnia
#remember
โœ…Aminoglycosides should generally not be used as single agent therapy for serious infections due to typical gram-negative rods. Exceptions include urinary tract infections, tularemia, and plague
#UpTodate2023
๐Ÿ›‘ุจู†ุณุจู‡ ู„ ูƒูŠููŠู‡ ุฅุนุทุงุก   ุฌุฑุนู‡ ุญู‚ู† ุงุฏูˆูŠุฉ  aminoglycosides 

โœ…ุงู…ุง ุทุฑูŠู‚ู‡ traditional intermittent dosing ุจุญูŠุซ ุชุนุทูŠ ุจุฌุฑุนู‡ ุตุบูŠุฑู‡ ู…ุฑุชูŠู† ุงู„ู‰ ุซู„ุงุซ ู…ุฑุงุช ููŠ ุงู„ูŠูˆู…(ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุดูŠ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุฑูŠุถ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ู„ุฏูŠู‡ ูˆุถุงุฆู ุงู„ูƒู„ู‰ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุณุชูˆู‰ ุงู„ุทุจูŠุนูŠ )

โœ…ุงูˆ ุจุทุฑูŠู‚ู‡ an extended interval dosing
ุจุญูŠุซ ุชุนุทูŠ ุจุฌุฑุนู‡ ุนุงู„ูŠู‡ ู…ุฑู‡ ููŠ ุงู„ูŠูˆู… ุงู„ู‰ ู…ุฑู‡ ูƒู„ ุซุงู†ูŠ ูŠูˆู… (ุญุณุจ ูˆุธุงุฆู ุงู„ูƒู„ู‰ )ุŒ


๐Ÿ›‘ู‡ู„ ู†ูˆุน ุงู„ุนุฏูˆู‰ ุงู„ุจูƒุชุฑูŠุง ุชุญุฏุฏ ูƒูŠููŠู‡ ุฅุนุทุงุก ุฌุฑุนู‡ ุญู‚ู† ุงุฏูˆูŠุฉ aminoglycosidesุŸ

โœ…ุงู„ุงุฌุงุจู‡ ู†ุนู… ูˆู†ูุตู„ู‡ุง ูƒุงู„ุงุชูŠ ู‚ูŠ ู…ุฑูŠุถ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ู„ุฏูŠู‡ ูˆุถุงุฆู ุงู„ูƒู„ู‰ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุณุชูˆู‰ ุงู„ุทุจูŠุนูŠ

โœ…ุงูˆู„ุง ุงุฐุง ูƒุงู†ุช ุงู„ุจูƒุชุฑูŠุง ุณุงู„ุจุฉ ุงู„ุฌุฑุงู…
For gram-negative bacterial infection

ู‡ู†ุง ู†ูุถู„ ุฅุนุทุงุก ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุงุฏูˆูŠุฉ ุจุทุฑูŠู‚ู‡ extended interval
we suggest extended-interval dosing rather than traditional intermittent dosing. 

โœ…ุซุงู†ูŠุง ููŠ ุงู„ุจูƒุชุฑูŠุง ู…ูˆุฌุจุฉ ุงู„ุฌุฑุงู…
For gram-positive bacterial infections

ู…ู…ูƒู† ู†ุณุชุฎุฏู… ุงูŠ ุทุฑูŠู‚ู‡ ุงู…ุง extended interval ุงูˆ traditional intermittent ูŠุนุชู…ุฏ ุนู„ู‰ pathogen ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุชู… ุนู„ุงู‚ู‡ ู…ุซู„

โœ…For invasive enterococcal infections (such as endocarditis), traditional intermittent dosing of gentamicin is preferred when the agent is   used for synergy
ู†ูุถู„ ุทุฑูŠู‚ู‡ traditional intermittent ุจุณุจุจ ุนุฏู… ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ุฏุฑุงุณุงุช ูƒุงููŠู‡ ู„ ุทุฑูŠู‚ู‡ extended interval


โœ…For endocarditis due to Streptococcus species, extended-interval dosing of gentamicin (3 mg/kg/day as a single daily dose) is preferred when the agent is used for synergy
ู†ูุถู„ ุทุฑูŠู‚ู‡ ุงู„ extended interval ููŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุญุงู„ู‡

#UpTodate2023
๐Ÿ›‘ุชุนุงู„ูˆุง ู†ุชูƒู„ู… ุนู† ู…ูˆุถูˆุน ู…ู‡ู… ุจุฎุตูˆุต
prolonged infusions of beta-lactams
โœ…ู‡ู„ ู…ู…ูƒู† ุฅุนุทุงุก ุงู„ู…ุถุงุฏุงุช ุงู„ุญูŠูˆูŠุฉ ู…ู† ุนุงุฆู„ู‡ beta lacatam ุจุทุฑูŠู‚ู‡ prolonged infusions (ู…ู† ุณุงุนุชูŠู† ุงู„ู‰ ุงุฑุจุน ุณุงุนุงุช )ุงูุถู„ ู…ู† ุงู„ุทุฑูŠู‚ู‡ ุงู„ุชู‚ู„ูŠุฏูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชูƒูˆู† ุฎู„ุงู„ ุฏู‚ุงุฆู‚ ุงู„ู‰ ู†ุต ุณุงุนู‡ ุŸุŸ

โœ…ู…ู† ุญูŠุซ ู…ุจุฏุฃ pharmacodynamic ูˆุงู„ุชูุณูŠุฑ ุงู„ู†ุธุฑูŠ ู…ู…ูƒู† ุงูุถู„ ุทูŠุจ ู„ูŠุด ุŸ
โœ…ุงูˆู„ุง ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุงุฏูˆูŠุฉ ุชุงุซูŠุฑ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุงุฏูˆูŠุฉ ู„ ุงู„ู‚ุถุงุก ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุจูƒุชุฑูŠุง ุจูŠูƒูˆู† time-dependent effect
โœ…ุซุงู†ูŠุง ู…ู† ู…ุจุฏุฃ ุงู†ู‡ ูŠู‡ู…ู†ูŠ ุงู† ูŠูƒูˆู† pathogen ูŠูƒูˆู† exposed ู„ ุงู„ู…ุถุงุฏ ุทูˆุงู„ ุงู„ู…ุนุงู„ุฌู‡ ูˆู‡ุฐุง ุจูŠุฎู„ูŠ free drug remains above the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ุทูˆุงู„ ุงู„ูˆู‚ุช ุนุดุงู† ุงุญู‚ู‚ bacterial eradication ูˆูƒู„ ู‡ุฐุง ุจูŠุชุญู‚ู‚ ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ prolonged infusions

๐Ÿ›‘ุทูŠุจ ู…ู† ุงู„ูุฆุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุฑุถู‰ ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ุจูŠุชุณููŠุฏูˆุง ู…ู† ุทุฑูŠู‚ู‡ prolonged infusions
โœ…ุชู‚ุฑูŠุจุง ุจูŠูƒูˆู† ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุฑุถู‰ ุงู„ุฐูŠู† risk of drug-resistant pathogens and/or patients with severe infections( ุบุงู„ุจุง ู…ุฑูŠุถ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุณุชุดูู‰ ุฃูˆ ุงู„ุนู†ุงูŠู‡ ุงู„ู…ุฑูƒุฒู‡ ) ุจุชูˆุถูŠุญ ุงูƒุซุฑ

โœ…Gram-negative organisms with higher MIC

โœ…Structural lung disease (including cystic fibrosis)
โœ…Frequent healthcare exposures
โœ…Prior repeated antibiotic exposures
โœ…Critical illness with severe infection (including central nervous system infections necrotizing fasciitis, neutropenic fever and burns)

๐Ÿ›‘ู„ูŠุด ู…ุฑูŠุถ ุงู„ุนู†ุงูŠู‡ ุงู„ู…ุฑูƒุฒู‡ ุจุฐุงุช ู„ุนุฏู‡ ุงุณุจุงุจ ุชุชุนู„ู‚ ุจ pharmacokinetics ู…ุซู„

โœ…Alteration in drug clearance

โœ…Change on volume of distribution

โœ…Alteration in protein binding
๐Ÿ›‘ุทูŠุจ ู…ุงู‡ูŠ ุนูŠูˆุจ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุทุฑูŠู‚ู‡

โœ…ุงูˆู„ุง ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉ Stability ู„ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุงุฏูˆูŠู‡ ูู…ุซู„ุง ุฏูˆุงุก meropenem ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุจุงู„ุงุณู… ุงู„ุชุฌุงุฑูŠ Merrem ูŠู‚ูˆู„ ุจุงู† ุงู„ุฏูˆุงุก ุงุฐุง ุญุถุฑ ุจ normal saline ุจูŠูƒูˆู† stability ูู‚ุท ู„ู…ุฏู‡ ุณุงุนู‡ ููŠ ุฏุฑุฌู‡ ุญุฑุงุฑู‡ ุงู„ุบุฑูู‡ (ูˆู†ุญู† ู…ู…ูƒู† ู†ุนุทูŠ prolonged infusions ู„ meropenem ุฎู„ุงู„ ุซู„ุงุซ ุณุงุนุงุช ุŸุŸุŸุŒ ู„ูƒู† ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุฏุฑุงุณุงุช ู‚ุงู„ุช ุฅู†ู‡ ู…ู…ูƒู† meropenem ู…ู…ูƒู† ูŠูƒูˆู† stability ุจุนุฏ ุงู„ุชุญุถูŠุฑ ู„ู…ุฏู‡ 12 ุณุงุนู‡ ููŠ ุฏุฑุฌู‡ ุญุฑุงุฑู‡ ุงู„ุบุฑูู‡ ุญุชู‰ at concentrations up to 20 mg/mL)

โœ…ุซุงู†ูŠุง ู…ุงุฐุง ู…ู† ุดุงู† ุงู„ุฏุฑุงุณุงุช ุงู„ุณุฑูŠุฑูŠุฉ ุจุฎุตูˆุต ุงู„ู…ูˆุถูˆุน ุŸ
โœ…ุงุบู„ุจ Clinical data ู‚ุงู„ุช ุจุฃู†ู‡ ู…ุงููŠุด ูุฑู‚ ููŠ ุงู„ูุนุงู„ูŠู‡ ููŠ ุงู„ุทุฑูŠู‚ุชูŠู† ู„ูƒู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ูุฑู‚ ุจุฃู†ู‡ prolonged infusions ู…ู…ูƒู† ุชู‚ู„ู„ ู…ู† mortality ู…ู‚ุงุฑู†ู‡ ุจุงู„ุทุฑูŠู‚ู‡ ุงู„ุชู‚ู„ูŠุฏูŠุฉ ููŠ ู…ุฑุถู‰ ุงู„ุนู†ุงูŠู‡ ุงู„ู…ุฑูƒุฒู‡
โœ…ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฑุบู… ู…ู† ุงู†ูŠ ุงุฎุฑ ุฏุฑุงุณู‡ ุงุณู…ู‡ุง MERCY ู†ุดุฑุช ููŠ ู…ุฌู„ุฉ JAMA ุงู„ุงู…ุฑูŠูƒูŠู‡ ุจุฃู†ู‡ ุฅุนุทุงุก continues meropenem ู„ู… ูŠุญุณู† ู…ู† ุงู„ูˆููŠุงุช ู‚ูŠ ู…ุฑูŠุถ sepsis ู…ู‚ุงุฑู†ู‡ ุจ ุงู„ุทุฑูŠู‚ู‡ ุงู„ุชู‚ู„ูŠุฏูŠุฉ ุจู„ ูˆุงู†ู‡ ู…ู‚ุงูˆู…ู‡ ุงู„ู…ุถุงุฏุงุช ุธู‡ุฑุช ููŠ ุงู„ูŠูˆู… 28 ู…ู† ุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู… continues meropenem
โœ…ู„ูƒู† ููŠ ุฑุฃูŠ ุงู„ุฎุจุฑุงุก ู…ุงุฒู„ุช prolonged infusions ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ุฃูุถู„ ููŠ ุงู„ูุฆุงุช ุงู„ู…ุฐูƒูˆุฑู‡ ุงุนู„ุงู‡

#UpTodate2023
#Salah
#remember

โœ…Fluoroquinolones should be avoided in individuals with myasthenia gravis because they have neuromuscular-blocking activity that may precipitate myasthenic crises [ Postmarketing reports have included death and respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilation in patients with myasthenia gravis receiving fluoroquinolones.
#UpTodate2023
#remember
โœ…Acute renal failure, produced by the precipitation of relatively insoluble acyclovir crystals in the renal tubules, is an occasional complication of intravenous therapy The risk can be minimized by prior hydration (with the urine output maintained above 75 mL/hour) and slow drug infusion over one to two hours
#UpTodate2023
๐Ÿ›‘ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุนุจุงุฑุฉ ุชู‚ูˆู„ ุงู„ุชู„ูŠู ุงู„ูƒุจุฏูŠ ูŠุนุงู„ุฌ ุงุฑุชูุงุน ุถุบุท ุงู„ุฏู… (cirrhosis cures hypertension) ู…ุงุฐุง ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุฐู„ูƒุŸ
โœ…ู…ุฑูŠุถ ุงู„ุชู„ูŠู ุงู„ูƒุจุฏูŠ ุจุชุญุฏูŠุฏ cirrhosis decompensate  ุงู„ systemic vascular resistance and mean arterial pressure (MAP) ูŠุญุตู„ ู„ู‡ุง ุงู†ุฎูุงุถ ูˆุจุตู…ุช ุฎุงุตู‡ ุงู„ู…ุฑูŠุถ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ู‡ูˆ obesity ูˆ 
cirrhosis due to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis
โœ…ู„ุฐุง ููŠ ู…ุฑูŠุถ decompensate cirrhosis ูŠุฌุจ ุงูŠู‚ุงู ุงุฏูˆูŠุฉ ุงู„ุถุบุท ุงุฐุง ูƒุงู† MAP ุงู‚ู„ ู…ู† 82 ู„ุงู†ู‡ ูˆุฌุฏูˆุง ููŠ ุญุงู„ู‡ ูƒุงู† MAP ููŠ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ุฑูŠุถ ุงู‚ู„ ู…ู† 82  ูŠูƒูˆู† ู†ุณุจู‡ two-year survival ูู‚ุท 20%

โœ…ู„ุฐุง ูˆุฌุจ ุงู„ุชู†ุจูŠู‡ ุจุฎุตูˆุต ู…ุฑูŠุถ ุถุบุท ุงู„ุฏู… ุงู„ู…ุฑุงูู‚ ู„ู„ุชู„ูŠู ุงู„ูƒุจุฏูŠ ุงู„ุญุฐุฑ ููŠ ุตุฑู ุงุฏูˆูŠุฉ ุงู„ุถุบุท ู„ุงู†ู‡ ุบุงู„ุจุง ู…ุฑูŠุถ ุงู„ุถุบุท ู„ุงูŠุญุถู‰ ุจู…ุชุงุจุนุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ุฏู‰ ุงู„ุจุนูŠุฏ

โœ…ู…ุงุฐุง ุนู† ุฏูˆุงุก propranolol  ุงู„ู…ุณุชุฎุฏู… ููŠ ู…ุฑูŠุถ ุงู„ุชู„ูŠู prevent variceal hemorrhage ุŸ
โœ…ูŠุฌุจ ุนุฏู… ุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู…ู‡ุง ุงุฐุง ูƒุงู† ู…ุฑูŠุถ ุงู„ุชู„ูŠู
ู…ุตุงุญุจ ู„ ุงุณุชุณู‚ุงุก ู…ู‚ุงูˆู… ู„ ุงู„ู…ุฏุฑุงุช (especially diuretic-resistant ascites.)
ู„ุงู†ู‡ ุชุฎูุถ ุงู„ุถุบุท ู…ู…ุง ูŠุฌุนู„ fluid ascites ู…ู‚ุงูˆู…ู‡ ู„ ุงู„ู…ุฏุฑุงุช

โœ…ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฑุบู… ุงู†ู‡ ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ูŠูƒูˆู† MAP ุงู‚ู„ ู…ู† 82 ูŠูƒูˆู† ูุฑุตู‡ ุงู„ูˆูุงู‡ ุนุงู„ูŠู‡ ููŠ ู…ุฑูŠุถ ุงู„ุชู„ูŠู ู…ุงุฒุงู„ clinical practice ุชู‚ูˆู„ ุจุฃู†ู‡ ูŠุชู… ุงูŠู‚ุงู ุฏูˆุงุก propranolol ุงุฐุง ูƒุงู†  blood pressure ุงู‚ู„ ู…ู† 90/60 ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุชุณุงูˆูŠ MAP ุงู‚ู„ ู…ู† 70
#UpTodate2023
ูŠุงู„ู„ู‡ ู†ุตุฑูƒ ู„ุฅุฎูˆุงู†ู†ุง ููŠ ุบุฒุฉ ๐Ÿ‘โค๏ธ
โœ…ุนุดุงู† ุชูƒูˆู† ุฏู‚ูŠู‚ ููŠ ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุงุชูƒ ุจุฎุตูˆุต ุงู„ุงุฏูˆูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุฃุซุฑ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ูƒุจุฏ ูˆุจุฌุฑุนู‡ ูƒู… ูˆูƒูŠู ู…ุนุงู„ุฌุฉ ุฐู„ูƒ ุฌุจุช ู„ูƒู… ู…ูˆู‚ุน ู…ุฌุงู†ูŠ ู…ูˆุซูˆู‚ ูˆู‚ุฏ ุฐูƒุฑู‡ ุญุชู‰ ู…ูˆู‚ุน UpTOdate ุงู„ุดู‡ูŠุฑ ุชูุถู„ูˆุง
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK548162/
๐Ÿ›‘ุฑุงุญ ู†ุชูƒู„ู… ุนู† ู…ูˆุถูˆุน ู…ู‡ู… ุจุฎุตูˆุต 
bicarbonate therapy in patients with lactic acidosis  
ุทุจุนุง ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูˆุถูˆุน ููŠ malpractice ูƒุซูŠุฑ

โœ…ุงูˆู„ุง ุฑุงุญ ุงู‚ุชุตุฑ ุจุงู„ุญุฏูŠุซ ุนู† ุงุดู‡ุฑ ู†ูˆุน ูˆู‡ูˆ ุงู„
Type A lactic acidosis
ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุบุงู„ุจุง ุจูŠูƒูˆู† ุจุณุจุจ impaired tissue oxygenation ู†ุชูŠุฌู‡ shock ุงูˆ sepsis

โœ…ู„ุทุงู„ู…ุง ู‚ู„ู†ุง ุจุฃู†ู‡ ูŠุฌูŠุจ ุงู† ู†ุนุฑู ู…ุฎุงุทุฑ ุงู„ุฏูˆุงุก ู‚ุจู„ ู„ุฃูŠ ุบุฑุถ ู†ุณุชุฎุฏู…ู‡ุŸ
โœ…ุงูˆู„ุง ุนุดุงู† ุชูƒูˆู† ุงู„ู…ุนุงู„ุฌุฉ ุจ sodium bicarbonate ู†ุงุฌุญู‡ ุถุฑูˆุฑูŠ ุงุนุงู„ุฌ ุงู„ุณุจุจ ูˆุญู†ุง ุนุฑูู†ุง ููˆู‚ ุงู‡ู… ุณุจุจูŠู† ู„ lactic acidosis ุงูˆ ูŠู…ูƒู† ุงู„ุนู„ุงุฌ ู†ูุณู‡ ูŠูุงู‚ู…  ุงู„ุญุงู„ู‡ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ูŠุฒูŠุฏ ู…ู† lactic acidosis ูƒูŠูุŸ
โœ…ุนุดุงู† ู†ุฌุงูˆุจ ู†ุนุฑู ูƒูŠููŠู‡ ุขู„ูŠุฉ ุนู…ู„ ุฏูˆุงุก Sodium bicarbonate  ููŠ ุฎุทูˆุชูŠู†

โœ…First, it combines with a hydrogen ion to form carbonic acid (H2CO3)
โœ…H2CO3 dehydrates to carbon dioxide (CO2), and water (H2O). 

โœ…ุทูŠุจ CO2 ู„ุงุฒู… ูŠุทุฑุฏ ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ body  circulation ( ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุถุฑูˆุฑูŠ ุงุตุญุญ tissue hypoperfusion  ูˆุงุชุฃูƒุฏ ุงู† ุงู„ู…ุฑูŠุถ adequate perfusion and ventilation ู„ุงู†ู‡ ุงู„ู‡ุฏู ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุนุงู„ุฌุฉ ุจ sodium bicarbonate ุงู„ู…ุญุงูุธู‡ ุนู„ู‰ arterial pH above 7.1 ุญุชู‰ ู†ุตู„ุญ ุงู„ุณุจุจ

โœ…ุทูŠุจ ุญุชู‰ ู„ูˆ ูƒุงู† ููŠ adequate perfusion  ู…ู…ูƒู† ูŠุญุตู„ ุงุฑุชูุงุน ู„ุญุธูŠ ู„ PCO2 ู„ูˆ ุฃุนุทูŠู†ุง  infusion ุจ rat ุณุฑูŠุน   โฌ…๏ธู„ุงู†ู‡  CO2 readily penetrates cell membranes โฌ…๏ธู…ู…ุง ูŠุญุตู„ worsen intracellular acidosis ุญุชู‰ ู„ูˆ ุงุฑุชูุน atrial blood pH

๐Ÿ›‘ุทูŠุจ ู…ุชู‰ ู†ุนุทูŠ IV sodium bicarbonate?
โœ…ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุงุฎุชู„ุงู ู…ุชู‰ ุจุถุจุท ูˆู„ูƒู† ุงุฌู…ุน ุงุบู„ุจ ุงู„ุฎุจุฑุงุก ุจุฃู†ู‡ ู†ุนุทูŠู‡ ููŠ ุญุงู„ุชูŠู†
โœ…severe lactic acidosis
ูˆูŠุนุฑู ุจุงู†ุฉ ูŠูƒูˆู†  PH ุงู‚ู„ ู…ู† 7.1 ูˆ serum bicarbonate  6 ุงูˆ ุงู‚ู„
โœ…less severe acidosis
ู„ูˆ ูƒุงู† PH ู…ุงุจูŠู† 7.1 ุฅู„ู‰ 7.2 ู…ุน ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ูุดู„ ูƒู„ูˆูŠ ุญุงุฏ AKI

๐Ÿ›‘ุทูŠุจ ูƒู… ุงู„ุฌุฑุนู‡ ู…ู…ูƒู† ููŠ ุญุงู„ู‡ sever acidosis ู†ุนุทูŠ
intravenous sodium bicarbonate bolus of 1 to 2 mEq/kg body weigh
โœ…ุงุดู‡ุฑ ุชุฑูƒูŠุฒ ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ 8.4% ุทุจุนุง ุจุญุฌู… 50mlุ›ูŠุนู†ูŠ ูƒู„ 1cc ู…ู† ุชุฑูƒูŠุฒ 8.4% ููŠู‡ 1mEq ู…ู† sodium bicarbonate


โœ…The serum electrolytes and blood pH should be measured 30 to 60 minutes later, and the dose of sodium bicarbonate can be repeated if severe lactic acidosis (pH less than 7.1) persists.

๐Ÿ›‘ู…ุงู‡ูŠ ุงู„ู…ุดุงูƒู„ ุงู„ุชูŠ ู‚ุฏ ุชูˆุงุฌู‡ู†ุง ุฃุซู†ุงุก ุงู„ู…ุนุงู„ุฌุฉ ุจIV sodium bicarbonate ??

โœ…ุงูˆู„ุง ุงุฐุง ูƒุงู† PH  ูŠุณุงูˆูŠ ุงูˆ ุงู‚ู„ ู…ู† 7.1 ูˆูƒุงู† bicarbonate level is greater than 6 mEq/L ูู‡ุฐุง ูŠุดูŠุฑ ุฅู„ู‰ PCo2 ู…ู…ูƒู† ูŠูƒูˆู† ููˆู‚ 20 ูู‡ุฐุง ูŠุฏู„ ุงู†ู‡ ุงู„ู…ุฑูŠุถ  inadequate ventilation ูˆู‚ุฏ ูŠูƒูˆู† ู„ุฏูŠู‡ mixed metabolic and respiratory acidosis ูˆุฅุนุทุงุก ุงู„ู…ุฑูŠุถ infusion ุจ rapid rate ู…ู…ูƒู† ูŠูุงู‚ู… ุงู„ respiratory acidosis ูˆุงู„ุญู„ ุงู†ู‡ ู…ู…ูƒู† mechanical  ventilation ุนุดุงู† ุฅู†ู‚ุงุต PCo2 ูˆุฑูุน PH

โœ…ุซุงู†ูŠุง ู…ุดุงูƒู„ ุชุชุนู„ู‚ ุจ rapid infusion bicarbonate
โœ…Effects on calcium, sodium, and extracellular fluid volume 

ุงูŠ  ุงุฑุชูุงุน ููŠ PH ู‚ุฏ ูŠุตุงุญุจู‡ ุงู†ุฎูุงุถ ููŠ ionized calcium concentration ูˆ ุงุฑุชูุงุน ููŠ serum sodium ู„ุงู† ุงู„ sodium bicarbonate ุจุชุฑูƒูŠุฒ 8.4% ูŠุนุชุจุฑ hypertonic solution

โœ…ุงูŠ ุงู†ุฎูุงุถ ููŠ ionized calcium ู‚ุฏ ูŠุตุงุญุจู‡ hemodynamic instability  ู„ุฐุง ูŠุฌุจ ู‚ูŠุงุณ ionized calcium ูˆู…ุนุงู„ุฌุชู‡ ููŠ ุญุงู„ ูƒุงู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ู†ู‚ุต ุ›ููŠ ุญุงู„ู‡ ู„ู… ูŠุชูˆูุฑ ionized calcium  test  ุงูˆ ุชุฃุฎุฑ ููŠ ุฃุฎุฐู‡ ู…ู…ูƒู† ุจุฃู† ุงู†ุฎูุงุถ ุถุบุท ุงู„ุฏู… ุงูˆ ุนุฏู… ุชุญุณู†ู‡ ูŠุนุทูŠู†ูŠ ู…ุคุดุฑ ุจุงู†ุฎูุงุถ  ionized calcium ูˆู‚ุฏ ุงุฎุฐ ุจุนูŠู† ุงู„ุงุนุชุจุงุฑ ุงุนุทูŠ ุงู„ู…ุฑูŠุถ empiric calcium infusion

โœ…ุทูŠุจ ููŠ ุญุงู„ู‡ ุฅุนุทุงุก ุนุฏู‡ ุฌุฑุน ู…ู† sodium bicarbonate  ูˆ PH ู„ู… ูŠุฑุชูุน  ููˆู‚ 7.1 ูˆุนุงู„ุฌุงุช ุงู„ุณุจุจ ุงู„ุฑุฆูŠุณูŠ ู„ lactic acidosis ู‡ู†ุง ู…ู…ูƒู† ุงุนุทูŠ ุงู„ู…ุฑูŠุถ  continues infusions ูˆู„ูƒู† ุฑุงุญ ุงุฎู„ูŠ ุงู„ู…ุญู„ูˆู„ isotonic ุจุฏู„ ู…ุงูƒุงู† hypertonic ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุฑุงุญ ุฃุญุถุฑ 3 ุงู…ุจูˆู„ ู…ู† ุชุฑูƒูŠุฒ 8.4%  ููŠ 1 ู„ุชุฑ ู…ู† 5% dextrose 
ููŠ ุญุงู„ู‡ ุญุตูˆู„ volume overload  ุงูˆ ุชุฏู‡ูˆุฑุช ูˆุธุงุฆู ุงู„ูƒู„ู‰ ุงูƒุซุฑ ู‡ู†ุง ู…ู…ูƒู† ุงู„ุฌุงุก ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุบุณูŠู„ ุงู„ูƒู„ูˆูŠ


#UpTodate2023
Clinical Notes
๐Ÿ›‘ุฑุงุญ ู†ุชูƒู„ู… ุนู† ู…ูˆุถูˆุน ู…ู‡ู… ุจุฎุตูˆุต  bicarbonate therapy in patients with lactic acidosis   ุทุจุนุง ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูˆุถูˆุน ููŠ malpractice ูƒุซูŠุฑ โœ…ุงูˆู„ุง ุฑุงุญ ุงู‚ุชุตุฑ ุจุงู„ุญุฏูŠุซ ุนู† ุงุดู‡ุฑ ู†ูˆุน ูˆู‡ูˆ ุงู„ Type A lactic acidosis ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุบุงู„ุจุง ุจูŠูƒูˆู† ุจุณุจุจ impaired tissue oxygenation ู†ุชูŠุฌู‡ shock ุงูˆโ€ฆ
ุจุงู„ู…ุฎุชุตุฑ ุฅุนุทุงุก IV sodium bicarbonate ุจุนุดูˆุงุฆูŠุฉ ุจุฏูˆู† ู…ุนุฑูู‡ ุชูุงุตูŠู„ ุงู„ู…ุฑุถ ู‚ุฏ ูŠุฒูŠุฏ ุงู„ุทูŠู† ุจู„ู‡๐Ÿ˜…


ูˆุงุญู†ุง ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ุงูŠ ุทูู„ ูƒุงู† ูŠุฏุฎู„ AKi
ุจุฏูˆู† ูุญุต ABg

ูŠุนู…ู„ูˆุง ู„ู‡ ุงู„ุฎู„ุทู‡ ุงู„ุณุญุฑูŠู‡

Sodium bicarbonate
Calcium gluconate
ูˆ ู„ุงุฒูƒุณ


ูˆุชุดูˆู ุจุนุฏูŠู† ุงู„ูƒุงู„ุณูŠูˆู… ูˆุงู„ุจูˆุชุงุณูŠูˆู… ูŠุฑู‚ุตูˆุง ู„ุญุฌูŠ ุทุงู„ุน ู†ุงุฒู„๐ŸŒš๐Ÿ˜‚
#Noncardiogenic_pulmonary_edema

โœ… is identified clinically by the presence of radiographic evidence of alveolar fluid accumulation without hemodynamic evidence to suggest a cardiogenic etiology (ie, pulmonary artery wedge pressure โ‰ค18 mmHg


โœ…The most common cause of noncardiogenic pulmonary edema is acute respiratory distress syndrome


โœ…Other less common causes include pulmonary edema due to pulmonary embolism and eclampsia, viral infections, pulmonary veno-occlusive disease, and transfusion-related acute lung injury. 

#UpTodate2023
โœ…ุจู†ุณุจู‡ ู„ู„ุชุบุฐูŠุฉ ุงู„ูˆุฑูŠุฏูŠู‡ TPn ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุญุชูˆูŠ ุนู„ู‰ glucose ู…ู…ูƒู†  ุชุนู…ู„ hyperglycemia  ููŠ ุงู„ุดุฎุต ุงู„ุบูŠุฑ ู…ุตุงุจ ุจุงู„ุณูƒุฑูŠ ุงุฐุง ุฃุนุทูŠุช  ุจ rate ุฃุนู„ู‰ ู…ู†  4 ุฅู„ู‰ 5mg/kg/per minute  ู„ุงู† ู‡ุฐุง rate ูŠุชุบู„ุจ ุนู„ู‰ ู‚ุฏุฑู‡ ุงู„ุฌุณู… ููŠ ุงุณุชู‚ู„ุงุจ ุงู„ุฌู„ูˆูƒูˆุฒ ุญุชู‰ ู„ูˆ ุงุนุทูŠ ู…ุนู‡ ุงุนู„ู‰ ุฌุฑุนู‡ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃู†ุณูˆู„ูŠู†
โœ…ูู…ุซู„ุง ุงู„ุดุฎุต ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุฒู† 70 ูƒูŠู„ูˆ ุงุฐุง ุงุนุทูŠ TPN ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุชุญุชูˆูŠ ุนู„ู‰ dextrose 5% ุจ rate 5mg/kg/per minute ุงู„ุฐูŠ ู‚ุฏ ุชุณุงูˆูŠ  5.6_ 7ml/minute    ุจู…ุฌู…ูˆุน 336 ุฅู„ู‰ 420ml ููŠ ุงู„ุณุงุนู‡  ุงู„ูˆุงุญุฏู‡ ู‚ุฏ ูŠุนู…ู„ hyperglycemia
โœ…ู„ุฐุง ุงู„ safety rate ู…ู† TPN ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุญุชูˆูŠ ุนู„ู‰ glucose  ู…ู…ูƒู† ูŠูƒูˆู† 2.5mg/kg/per minute
#UpTodate2023
๐Ÿ›‘ุจู†ุณุจู‡ ู„ maintenance fluid ุงู„ุชูŠ ู†ุนุทูŠู‡ุง ู„ู…ุฑูŠุถ ุงู„ู…ุณุชุดูู‰ ุงู„ุบูŠุฑ ู‚ุงุฏุฑ ุนู„ู‰ ุชู†ุงูˆู„ ุงู„ุงูƒู„ ู†ุนุทูŠู‡ ููŠ ุงู„ุบุงู„ุจ ู„ุชุฑูŠู† ููŠ ุงู„ูŠูˆู… ู…ู† Norml saline ู…ุน dextrose 5%  ู…ุน ุงุถุงูู‡mEq ูขู  ู…ู† kCl ููŠ ูƒู„ ู„ุชุฑ

โœ…ููŠ ุญุงู„ู‡ ูƒุงู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุงุฑุชูุงุน ููŠ ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ุญุฑุงุฑู‡ ุฌุณู… ุงู„ู…ุฑูŠุถ ู‚ุฏ ู†ุฒูŠุฏ  ู…ู† 100 ุฅู„ู‰ 150 ู…ู„ ููŠ ุงู„ูŠูˆู… ู„ูƒู„ ุฏุฑุฌู‡ ุญุฑุงุฑู‡ ููˆู‚ 37c
#UpTodate2023
ุงุฐูƒู‰ ุฑุฌู„ ุฎุงุถ ุฎุฏุงุน ุงุณุชุฑุงุชูŠุฌูŠ ู…ุน ุงู„ุนุฏูˆ ู‡ูˆ ูŠุญูŠ ุงู„ ุณู†ูˆุงุฑ ุญูุธู‡ ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุดุงู‡ุฏุช ู…ู‚ุงุจู„ุฉ ู„ู‡ ูˆู‡ูˆ ููŠ ุณุฌูˆู† ุงู„ุงุญุชู„ุงู„ ูˆูƒุงู† ูŠู‚ูˆู„ ุจุฃู†ู‡ ูŠุชู…ู†ู‰ ู‡ุฏู†ุฉ ุทูˆูŠู„ู‡ ุจูŠู† ุฅุณุฑุงุฆูŠู„ ูˆุงู„ู‚ุทุงุน ูˆุงู†ู‡ ู„ู† ุชุณุชุทูŠุน ุญู… ุงุณ ุชุฏู…ูŠุฑ ุงู„ุงุญุชู„ุงู„ ูˆู‡ุฐุง ุฌุนู„ ุฌู‡ุงุฒ ุงู„ู…ูˆุณุงุฏ ูŠุทู…ุฆู† ุนู†ุฏ ุชูˆู„ูŠ ุงู„ุณ ู†ูˆุงุฑ ูƒู‚ุงุฆุฏ ุณูŠุงุณูŠ ู„ ุญู… ุงุณ ุนุงู… ูขู ูกูง ูˆุงู„ุฑุฌู„ ูƒุงู† ูŠุฎุทุท ู…ู† ุฐูˆ ุฎุฑูˆุฌู‡ ู„ ู…ุนุฑูƒุฉ ุทูˆ ูุฅู† ุงู„ุงู‚ุตู‰ ุŒุญูุธู‡ ุงู„ู„ู‡ ูˆู†ุตุฑู‡ โค
Clinical Notes
ุงุฐูƒู‰ ุฑุฌู„ ุฎุงุถ ุฎุฏุงุน ุงุณุชุฑุงุชูŠุฌูŠ ู…ุน ุงู„ุนุฏูˆ ู‡ูˆ ูŠุญูŠ ุงู„ ุณู†ูˆุงุฑ ุญูุธู‡ ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุดุงู‡ุฏุช ู…ู‚ุงุจู„ุฉ ู„ู‡ ูˆู‡ูˆ ููŠ ุณุฌูˆู† ุงู„ุงุญุชู„ุงู„ ูˆูƒุงู† ูŠู‚ูˆู„ ุจุฃู†ู‡ ูŠุชู…ู†ู‰ ู‡ุฏู†ุฉ ุทูˆูŠู„ู‡ ุจูŠู† ุฅุณุฑุงุฆูŠู„ ูˆุงู„ู‚ุทุงุน ูˆุงู†ู‡ ู„ู† ุชุณุชุทูŠุน ุญู… ุงุณ ุชุฏู…ูŠุฑ ุงู„ุงุญุชู„ุงู„ ูˆู‡ุฐุง ุฌุนู„ ุฌู‡ุงุฒ ุงู„ู…ูˆุณุงุฏ ูŠุทู…ุฆู† ุนู†ุฏ ุชูˆู„ูŠ ุงู„ุณ ู†ูˆุงุฑ ูƒู‚ุงุฆุฏ ุณูŠุงุณูŠ ู„ ุญู… ุงุณโ€ฆ
ู…ู† ุดุฏู‡ ุฎุฏุงุนู‡ ู„ู„ุนุฏูˆ ุงู†ู‚ุฐ ุงุทุจุงุก ุงู„ุงุญุชู„ุงู„ ุงู„ุณู†ูˆุงุฑ ููŠ ุนุงู… 2004 ู…ู† ูˆุฑู… ููŠ ุงู„ุฏู…ุงุบ ุจุนุฏ ุฎุถูˆุนู‡ ู„ ุนู…ู„ูŠู‡ ู†ุงุฌุญู‡ ููŠ ู…ุณุชุดูู‰ ุงู„ุนุฏูˆ
#remember

โœ…For patients with shock, the standard of care is to remove dextrose from the fluid. Patients in shock will convert dextrose to lactate, thereby generating an acidosis
#UpTodate2023
#remember
โœ…For patients who undergo neurosurgery or who suffer from traumatic and nontraumatic brain injury, hypotonic solutions are usually contraindicated because they may lower serum osmolarity, resulting in cerebral edema. Similarly, glucose-containing solutions are avoided due to possible exacerbation of neurologic injury
#UpTodate2023
ุญุณุงุจูŠ ุงู„ูˆุญูŠุฏ ููŠ ุงู„ููŠุณ ูˆุงู„ุฐูŠ ุงู†ุดุฑ ููŠู‡ ู„ู…ู† ูŠุญุจ ุงู„ู…ุชุงุจุนุฉ ูŠุดุฑูู†ุง ุฐู„ูƒ
https://www.facebook.com/salahaldeen.mansour.94?mibextid=ZbWKwL
๐Ÿ›‘ุณุคุงู„
โœ…ู„ู…ุงุฐุง ุงู„ู…ุฏุฑุงุช ุฎุงุตู‡ ู…ุฏุฑุงุช Thiazide ุชู‚ู„ ูุนุงู„ูŠุชู‡ุง ููŠ ุฎูุถ ุถุบุท ุงู„ุฏู… ููŠ ู…ุฑูŠุถ ุงู„ูุดู„ ุงู„ูƒู„ูˆูŠ ุŸุŸ
2024/09/30 15:40:21
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