Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis or ALS, is a progressive nervous system disease that affects nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord, causing loss of muscle control.

ALS is often called Lou Gehrig's disease, after the baseball player who was diagnosed with it. Doctors usually don't know why ALS occurs. Some cases are inherited.

Q4 . A 35-year-old with a history of
asbestos exposure presents with
chest pain. X-ray shows a solitary
pulmonary nodule in the right lower
zone. CECT reveals an enhancing
nodule adjoining the right lower
costal pleura with comet tail sign
and adjacent pleural thickening. The
most likely diagnosis is:

Rounded atelectasis of the lung (RA) is a lesion well described in the medical literature, yet often very difficult to diagnose. In recent years, the widespread use of high-resolution imaging modalities employed in the struggle against cancer, coinciding with the peak of the asbestos epidemic, have boosted the detection frequency of RA. However, its differential diagnosis still poses a challenge to the pulmonary specialist and the radiologist, as little is known about its pathogenesis. Furthermore, the multifactorial etiology of RA and its occasional coexistence with lung cancer make the task of confidently ruling out malignancy sometimes daunting. This article attempts to provide an update on RA's etiology, radiological evaluation, clinical management, and prognosis based on recent advances in broadly available diagnostic modalities and minimally invasive interventional procedures. An exemplary case of post-tuberculous RA is illustrated, as RA often presents as an unusual finding of a fairly common disease.

Q5 Abdominal ultrasonography in a
3-year-old boy shows a solid circumscribed
hypoechoic renal mass. Most
likely diagnosis is:
a. Wilms’ tumor
b. Renal cell carcinoma
c. Mesoblastic nephroma
d. Oncocytoma

Wilms' tumor is a rare kidney cancer that primarily affects children. Also known as nephroblastoma, it's the most common cancer of the kidneys in children. Wilms' tumor most often affects children ages 3 to 4 and becomes much less common after age 5.

Wilms' tumor most often occurs in just one kidney, though it can sometimes be found in both kidneys at the same time.

Over the years, advancements in the diagnosis and treatment of Wilms' tumor have greatly improved the outlook (prognosis) for children with this disease. With appropriate treatment, the outlook for most children with Wilms' tumor is very good.

Q6 . Pappu 3-year-old boy presents in the
causality with H/O sudden onset of
respiratory difficulty and stridor on
ausculation, decreased breath sound
and wheeze on the RT side. The X-ray
shows right opaque hemothorax
what will be the diagnosis:

Foreign body aspiration (FBA) is a potentially life-threatening emergency that most commonly occurs in children aged 1–3 years. FBA typically manifests with sudden onset of coughing and choking, followed by stridor and dyspnea. Obstruction of the larynx or trachea is a potentially life-threatening situation that causes severe respiratory distress, cyanosis, and suffocation. Most commonly, the foreign body (FB) becomes lodged in the main and intermediate bronchi; approx. 60% of FB are located in the right main bronchus due to the more vertical orientation compared to the left main bronchus. Partially obstructed airways result in the formation of a ball-valve obstruction, in which air trapping occurs in the lung segments distal to the obstruction. This focal hyperinflation of the lung segments are detectable on x-ray as hyperlucency and reduced pulmonary marking. Complete obstruction results in atelectasis distal to the FB. The FB should be removed via bronchoscopy as soon as possible. If an FBA remains undetected, it may result in chronic cough and recurrent pulmonary infections.

Q7 ) A patient with cancer received extreme
degree of radiation toxicity.
Further history revealed that the
dose adjustment of a particular drug
was missed during the course of radiotherapy.
Which of the following
drugs required a dose adjustment in
that patient during radiotherapy in
order to prevent radiation toxicity?

Q8)A 40-year-old male female patient on
long-term steroid therapy presents
with recent onset of severe pain in
the right hip. Imaging modality of
choice for this problem is:

Q9) Abdominal ultrasonography in a
3-year-old boy shows a solid circumscribed
hypoechoic renal mass. Most
likely diagnosis is:

Wilms tumor (also called Wilms’ tumor or nephroblastoma) is a type of childhood cancer that starts in the kidneys. It is the most common type of kidney cancer in children. About 9 of 10 kidney cancers in children are Wilms tumors.

Cancer starts when cells in the body begin to grow out of control. Cells in nearly any part of the body can become cancer, and can spread to other areas of the body. To learn more about how cancers start and spread, see What Is Cancer? For information about the differences between childhood cancers and adult cancers, see Cancer in Children.

Q10) High resolution CT of the lung is a
specialized CT technique for greater
detail of lung parenchyma and it
utilizes:

Q11) Which of the following is not true regarding
ossified posterior longitudinal
ligament (OPLL)?