Physics practicals

3 b) i) The internal resistance of a cell (or battery) refers to the resistance within the cell that opposes the flow of electric current. It is caused by the materials within the cell, such as the electrolyte, electrodes, and any internal connections.

ii) I= 2A, V= 3V, R = ?
According to ohms law, R= V/I
Where R = resistance measurer in ohms
V= voltage measured in volts
I = current measures in ampere.
R= V/ I
R = 3/2
R = 1.5 ohm
Therefore, the internal resistance of the cell is 1.5 ohms.

Make sure you used your school end point✅

𝙈𝘼𝙉𝘼𝙂𝙀𝙈𝙀𝙉𝙏 𝙄𝙉 𝙇𝙄𝙑𝙄𝙉𝙂 🔥🔥🔥


QUESTION 5 AND 6 ❤️❤️📍

👍


Section A (Management)

1. Management in living:
- Management refers to the process of planning, organizing, and controlling resources to achieve goals and objectives.

2. Characteristics of management situations:
- Uncertainty: Management involves dealing with uncertain situations and making decisions with limited information.
- Interdependence: Management involves working with others, such as team members, stakeholders, and customers.
- Change: Management involves adapting to changing circumstances and navigating through transitions.

3. Instances when management is needed:
- Goal setting and planning
- Resource allocation and prioritization
- Problem-solving and decision-making
- Team leadership and collaboration

4. Factors that affect management:
- Environmental factors (e.g., market trends, economic conditions)
- Organizational factors (e.g., company culture, structure)
- Human factors (e.g., individual behavior, motivation)
- Technological factors (e.g., advancements, innovations)

5. Motivators in management:
- Achievement motivation (drive to succeed)
- Affiliation motivation (need for social connections)
- Power motivation (desire for influence and control)
- Intrinsic motivation (personal satisfaction and enjoyment)

Section B (Money Management)

1. Differentiate between budget and budgeting:
- Budget: A financial plan outlining projected income and expenses.
- Budgeting: The process of creating and managing a budget.

2. Factors contributing to success in money management:
- Financial literacy and knowledge
- Goal setting and planning
- Self-discipline and responsibility
- Adaptability and flexibility

3. Factors determining family income level:
- Education and skill level
- Occupation and industry
- Location and cost of living
- Family size and composition
- Investment and savings habits

4. Characteristics of money:
- Medium of exchange
- Store of value
- Unit of account
- Standard of deferred payment
- Portability and divisibility

3. Public Service Announcements: Posters communicated government guidelines, restrictions, and updates to keep communities informed.
4. Fundraising and Support: Poster designs were used to promote charity initiatives, support local businesses, and express solidarity during challenging times.

𝙌𝙐𝙀𝙎𝙏𝙄𝙊𝙉 2𝘿 - 4𝘿 🔥🔥



. 𝙏𝙝𝙧𝙚𝙚 𝙧𝙤𝙡𝙚𝙨 𝙚𝙖𝙘𝙝 𝙤𝙛 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙛𝙖𝙢𝙞𝙡𝙮 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙨𝙤𝙘𝙞𝙚𝙩𝙮 𝙩𝙤 𝙝𝙚𝙡𝙥 𝙖𝙣 𝙖𝙙𝙤𝙡𝙚𝙨𝙘𝙚𝙣𝙩 𝙬𝙝𝙤 𝙞𝙨 𝙥𝙧𝙖𝙘𝙩𝙞𝙘𝙞𝙣𝙜 𝙤𝙘𝙘𝙪𝙡𝙩𝙞𝙨𝙢:
- 𝙁𝙖𝙢𝙞𝙡𝙮:
- 𝙋𝙧𝙤𝙫𝙞𝙙𝙚 𝙚𝙢𝙤𝙩𝙞𝙤𝙣𝙖𝙡 𝙨𝙪𝙥𝙥𝙤𝙧𝙩 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙜𝙪𝙞𝙙𝙖𝙣𝙘𝙚
- 𝙀𝙣𝙘𝙤𝙪𝙧𝙖𝙜𝙚 𝙤𝙥𝙚𝙣 𝙘𝙤𝙢𝙢𝙪𝙣𝙞𝙘𝙖𝙩𝙞𝙤𝙣 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙩𝙧𝙪𝙨𝙩
- 𝙎𝙚𝙩 𝙘𝙡𝙚𝙖𝙧 𝙗𝙤𝙪𝙣𝙙𝙖𝙧𝙞𝙚𝙨 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙘𝙤𝙣𝙨𝙚𝙦𝙪𝙚𝙣𝙘𝙚𝙨
- 𝙎𝙤𝙘𝙞𝙚𝙩𝙮:
- 𝙊𝙛𝙛𝙚𝙧 𝙘𝙤𝙪𝙣𝙨𝙚𝙡𝙞𝙣𝙜 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙩𝙝𝙚𝙧𝙖𝙥𝙮 𝙨𝙚𝙧𝙫𝙞𝙘𝙚𝙨
- 𝙋𝙧𝙤𝙫𝙞𝙙𝙚 𝙚𝙙𝙪𝙘𝙖𝙩𝙞𝙤𝙣 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙖𝙬𝙖𝙧𝙚𝙣𝙚𝙨𝙨 𝙖𝙗𝙤𝙪𝙩 𝙤𝙘𝙘𝙪𝙡𝙩𝙞𝙨𝙢
- 𝙀𝙣𝙘𝙤𝙪𝙧𝙖𝙜𝙚 𝙝𝙚𝙖𝙡𝙩𝙝𝙮 𝙧𝙚𝙡𝙖𝙩𝙞𝙤𝙣𝙨𝙝𝙞𝙥𝙨 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙨𝙤𝙘𝙞𝙖𝙡 𝙘𝙤𝙣𝙣𝙚𝙘𝙩𝙞𝙤𝙣𝙨

2. 𝘿𝙞𝙛𝙛𝙚𝙧𝙚𝙣𝙩𝙞𝙖𝙩𝙚 𝙗𝙚𝙩𝙬𝙚𝙚𝙣 𝙛𝙖𝙢𝙞𝙡𝙮 𝙤𝙛 𝙤𝙧𝙞𝙚𝙣𝙩𝙖𝙩𝙞𝙤𝙣 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙛𝙖𝙢𝙞𝙡𝙮 𝙤𝙛 𝙥𝙧𝙤𝙘𝙧𝙚𝙖𝙩𝙞𝙤𝙣:
- 𝙁𝙖𝙢𝙞𝙡𝙮 𝙤𝙛 𝙤𝙧𝙞𝙚𝙣𝙩𝙖𝙩𝙞𝙤𝙣: 𝙏𝙝𝙚 𝙛𝙖𝙢𝙞𝙡𝙮 𝙞𝙣𝙩𝙤 𝙬𝙝𝙞𝙘𝙝 𝙖𝙣 𝙞𝙣𝙙𝙞𝙫𝙞𝙙𝙪𝙖𝙡 𝙞𝙨 𝙗𝙤𝙧𝙣 𝙤𝙧 𝙖𝙙𝙤𝙥𝙩𝙚𝙙
- 𝙁𝙖𝙢𝙞𝙡𝙮 𝙤𝙛 𝙥𝙧𝙤𝙘𝙧𝙚𝙖𝙩𝙞𝙤𝙣: 𝙏𝙝𝙚 𝙛𝙖𝙢𝙞𝙡𝙮 𝙩𝙝𝙖𝙩 𝙖𝙣 𝙞𝙣𝙙𝙞𝙫𝙞𝙙𝙪𝙖𝙡 𝙘𝙧𝙚𝙖𝙩𝙚𝙨 𝙩𝙝𝙧𝙤𝙪𝙜𝙝 𝙢𝙖𝙧𝙧𝙞𝙖𝙜𝙚 𝙤𝙧 𝙥𝙖𝙧𝙩𝙣𝙚𝙧𝙨𝙝𝙞𝙥 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙝𝙖𝙫𝙞𝙣𝙜 𝙘𝙝𝙞𝙡𝙙𝙧𝙚𝙣

3. 𝙁𝙞𝙫𝙚 𝙧𝙞𝙜𝙝𝙩𝙨 𝙤𝙛 𝙛𝙖𝙢𝙞𝙡𝙮 𝙢𝙚𝙢𝙗𝙚𝙧𝙨:
- 𝙍𝙞𝙜𝙝𝙩 𝙩𝙤 𝙧𝙚𝙨𝙥𝙚𝙘𝙩
- 𝙍𝙞𝙜𝙝𝙩 𝙩𝙤 𝙥𝙧𝙞𝙫𝙖𝙘𝙮
- 𝙍𝙞𝙜𝙝𝙩 𝙩𝙤 𝙚𝙢𝙤𝙩𝙞𝙤𝙣𝙖𝙡 𝙨𝙪𝙥𝙥𝙤𝙧𝙩
- 𝙍𝙞𝙜𝙝𝙩 𝙩𝙤 𝙛𝙞𝙣𝙖𝙣𝙘𝙞𝙖𝙡 𝙨𝙪𝙥𝙥𝙤𝙧𝙩
- 𝙍𝙞𝙜𝙝𝙩 𝙩𝙤 𝙥𝙧𝙤𝙩𝙚𝙘𝙩𝙞𝙤𝙣 𝙛𝙧𝙤𝙢 𝙝𝙖𝙧𝙢

4. 𝙁𝙤𝙪𝙧 𝙬𝙖𝙮𝙨 𝙛𝙖𝙢𝙞𝙡𝙮 𝙢𝙚𝙢𝙗𝙚𝙧𝙨 𝙘𝙖𝙣 𝙥𝙧𝙤𝙫𝙞𝙙𝙚 𝙨𝙪𝙥𝙥𝙤𝙧𝙩 𝙛𝙤𝙧 𝙤𝙣𝙚 𝙖𝙣𝙤𝙩𝙝𝙚𝙧:
- 𝙀𝙢𝙤𝙩𝙞𝙤𝙣𝙖𝙡 𝙨𝙪𝙥𝙥𝙤𝙧𝙩 (𝙡𝙞𝙨𝙩𝙚𝙣𝙞𝙣𝙜, 𝙚𝙣𝙘𝙤𝙪𝙧𝙖𝙜𝙚𝙢𝙚𝙣𝙩)
- 𝙋𝙧𝙖𝙘𝙩𝙞𝙘𝙖𝙡 𝙨𝙪𝙥𝙥𝙤𝙧𝙩 (𝙝𝙚𝙡𝙥 𝙬𝙞𝙩𝙝 𝙩𝙖𝙨𝙠𝙨, 𝙚𝙧𝙧𝙖𝙣𝙙𝙨)
- 𝙁𝙞𝙣𝙖𝙣𝙘𝙞𝙖𝙡 𝙨𝙪𝙥𝙥𝙤𝙧𝙩 (𝙨𝙝𝙖𝙧𝙚𝙙 𝙚𝙭𝙥𝙚𝙣𝙨𝙚𝙨, 𝙜𝙞𝙛𝙩𝙨)
- 𝙋𝙝𝙮𝙨𝙞𝙘𝙖𝙡 𝙨𝙪𝙥𝙥𝙤𝙧𝙩 (𝙘𝙖𝙧𝙚𝙜𝙞𝙫𝙞𝙣𝙜, 𝙝𝙚𝙡𝙥 𝙬𝙞𝙩𝙝 𝙙𝙖𝙞𝙡𝙮 𝙣𝙚𝙚𝙙𝙨)

5. 𝙀𝙭𝙥𝙡𝙖𝙞𝙣 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙙𝙞𝙛𝙛𝙚𝙧𝙚𝙣𝙘𝙚 𝙗𝙚𝙩𝙬𝙚𝙚𝙣 𝙖 𝙢𝙖𝙩𝙧𝙞𝙖𝙧𝙘𝙝𝙖𝙡 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙥𝙖𝙩𝙧𝙞𝙖𝙧𝙘𝙝𝙖𝙡 𝙛𝙖𝙢𝙞𝙡𝙮 𝙨𝙮𝙨𝙩𝙚𝙢:
- 𝙈𝙖𝙩𝙧𝙞𝙖𝙧𝙘𝙝𝙖𝙡: 𝘼 𝙛𝙖𝙢𝙞𝙡𝙮 𝙨𝙮𝙨𝙩𝙚𝙢 𝙬𝙝𝙚𝙧𝙚 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙢𝙤𝙩𝙝𝙚𝙧 𝙤𝙧 𝙛𝙚𝙢𝙖𝙡𝙚 𝙛𝙞𝙜𝙪𝙧𝙚 𝙝𝙤𝙡𝙙𝙨 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙢𝙤𝙨𝙩 𝙥𝙤𝙬𝙚𝙧 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙖𝙪𝙩𝙝𝙤𝙧𝙞𝙩𝙮
- 𝙋𝙖𝙩𝙧𝙞𝙖𝙧𝙘𝙝𝙖𝙡: 𝘼 𝙛𝙖𝙢𝙞𝙡𝙮 𝙨𝙮𝙨𝙩𝙚𝙢 𝙬𝙝𝙚𝙧𝙚 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙛𝙖𝙩𝙝𝙚𝙧 𝙤𝙧 𝙢𝙖𝙡𝙚 𝙛𝙞𝙜𝙪𝙧𝙚 𝙝𝙤𝙡𝙙𝙨 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙢𝙤𝙨𝙩 𝙥𝙤𝙬𝙚𝙧 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙖𝙪𝙩𝙝𝙤𝙧𝙞𝙩𝙮

6. 𝙏𝙬𝙤 𝙧𝙚𝙨𝙥𝙤𝙣𝙨𝙞𝙗𝙞𝙡𝙞𝙩𝙞𝙚𝙨 𝙤𝙛 𝙘𝙝𝙞𝙡𝙙𝙧𝙚𝙣 𝙞𝙣 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙝𝙤𝙢𝙚:
- 𝘾𝙤𝙣𝙩𝙧𝙞𝙗𝙪𝙩𝙞𝙣𝙜 𝙩𝙤 𝙝𝙤𝙪𝙨𝙚𝙝𝙤𝙡𝙙 𝙘𝙝𝙤𝙧𝙚𝙨 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙩𝙖𝙨𝙠𝙨
- 𝙍𝙚𝙨𝙥𝙚𝙘𝙩𝙞𝙣𝙜 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙤𝙗𝙚𝙮𝙞𝙣𝙜 𝙥𝙖𝙧𝙚𝙣𝙩𝙨 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙘𝙖𝙧𝙚𝙜𝙞𝙫𝙚𝙧𝙨

7. 𝘿𝙞𝙛𝙛𝙚𝙧𝙚𝙣𝙩𝙞𝙖𝙩𝙚 𝙗𝙚𝙩𝙬𝙚𝙚𝙣 𝙬𝙝𝙤𝙡𝙚𝙨𝙖𝙡𝙚𝙧𝙨 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙧𝙚𝙩𝙖𝙞𝙡𝙚𝙧𝙨:
- 𝙒𝙝𝙤𝙡𝙚𝙨𝙖𝙡𝙚𝙧𝙨: 𝘽𝙪𝙨𝙞𝙣𝙚𝙨𝙨𝙚𝙨 𝙩𝙝𝙖𝙩 𝙨𝙚𝙡𝙡 𝙜𝙤𝙤𝙙𝙨 𝙞𝙣 𝙗𝙪𝙡𝙠 𝙩𝙤 𝙧𝙚𝙩𝙖𝙞𝙡𝙚𝙧𝙨 𝙤𝙧 𝙤𝙩𝙝𝙚𝙧 𝙗𝙪𝙨𝙞𝙣𝙚𝙨𝙨𝙚𝙨
- 𝙍𝙚𝙩𝙖𝙞𝙡𝙚𝙧𝙨: 𝘽𝙪𝙨𝙞𝙣𝙚𝙨𝙨𝙚𝙨 𝙩𝙝𝙖𝙩 𝙨𝙚𝙡𝙡 𝙜𝙤𝙤𝙙𝙨 𝙙𝙞𝙧𝙚𝙘𝙩𝙡𝙮 𝙩𝙤 𝙘𝙤𝙣𝙨𝙪𝙢𝙚𝙧𝙨

8. 𝙁𝙞𝙫𝙚 𝙛𝙪𝙣𝙘𝙩𝙞𝙤𝙣𝙨 𝙤𝙛 𝙬𝙝𝙤𝙡𝙚𝙨𝙖𝙡𝙚𝙧𝙨:
- 𝘽𝙪𝙮𝙞𝙣𝙜 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙨𝙚𝙡𝙡𝙞𝙣𝙜 𝙜𝙤𝙤𝙙𝙨
- 𝙎𝙩𝙤𝙧𝙞𝙣𝙜 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙝𝙖𝙣𝙙𝙡𝙞𝙣𝙜 𝙜𝙤𝙤𝙙𝙨
- 𝙁𝙞𝙣𝙖𝙣𝙘𝙞𝙣𝙜 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙘𝙧𝙚𝙙𝙞𝙩 𝙨𝙚𝙧𝙫𝙞𝙘𝙚𝙨
- 𝙈𝙖𝙧𝙠𝙚𝙩𝙞𝙣𝙜 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙥𝙧𝙤𝙢𝙤𝙩𝙞𝙤𝙣
- 𝙏𝙧𝙖𝙣𝙨𝙥𝙤𝙧𝙩𝙖𝙩𝙞𝙤𝙣 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙡𝙤𝙜𝙞𝙨𝙩𝙞𝙘𝙨

9. 𝘿𝙚𝙨𝙘𝙧𝙞𝙗𝙚 𝙩𝙝𝙧𝙚𝙚 𝙩𝙮𝙥𝙚𝙨 𝙤𝙛 𝙘𝙤𝙣𝙨𝙪𝙢𝙚𝙧 𝙜𝙤𝙤𝙙𝙨:
- 𝘾𝙤𝙣𝙫𝙚𝙣𝙞𝙚𝙣𝙘𝙚 𝙜𝙤𝙤𝙙𝙨 (𝙚.𝙜., 𝙛𝙤𝙤𝙙, 𝙩𝙤𝙞𝙡𝙚𝙩𝙧𝙞𝙚𝙨)
- 𝙎𝙝𝙤𝙥𝙥𝙞𝙣𝙜 𝙜𝙤𝙤𝙙𝙨 (𝙚.𝙜., 𝙘𝙡𝙤𝙩𝙝𝙞𝙣𝙜, 𝙚𝙡𝙚𝙘𝙩𝙧𝙤𝙣𝙞𝙘𝙨)
- 𝙎𝙥𝙚𝙘𝙞𝙖𝙡𝙩𝙮 𝙜𝙤𝙤𝙙𝙨 (𝙚.𝙜., 𝙡𝙪𝙭𝙪𝙧𝙮 𝙞𝙩𝙚𝙢𝙨, 𝙪𝙣𝙞𝙦𝙪𝙚 𝙥𝙧𝙤𝙙𝙪𝙘𝙩𝙨)

*GENERAL AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE ANSWERS*

5. (a) Introduction:
Plant improvement is a crucial process in agriculture that aims to enhance the quality and productivity of crops. This process involves various techniques and methods to improve the genetic makeup of plants, resulting in better disease resistance, higher yields, and improved nutritional content.

(b) Staking:
Staking is a cultural practice used in horticulture to support plants that have weak stems or are prone to lodging (falling over). This is especially important for plants like tomatoes, peas, and cucumbers. Staking helps to keep the plant upright, preventing damage from wind and rain, and allowing for better fruit production.

(c) Treating seeds with pesticides:
Some seeds are treated with pesticides before planting to protect them from fungal diseases and pests. This is especially important for seeds that are susceptible to diseases like damping off or root rot. The pesticides help to create a protective barrier on the seed surface, preventing pathogens from germinating and infecting the seedling.

(d) Fungal diseases of tomatoes:
Three common fungal diseases of tomatoes are:

1. Early blight: This disease is caused by the fungus Alternaria solani and is characterized by yellowing of leaves, brown spots on the undersides of leaves, and black, irregularly shaped lesions on the fruit.

2. Late blight: This disease is caused by the fungus Phytophthora infestans and is characterized by large, irregularly shaped, greenish-gray lesions on the leaves and fruit. It is highly infectious and can cause significant yield loss.

3. Septoria leaf spot: This disease is caused by the fungus Septoria lycopersici and is characterized by small, brown, circular lesions on the undersides of leaves. It can cause leaf drop and defoliation, leading to reduced plant vigor and fruit production.

6. (a) Non-pathogenic disease of crops:
A non-pathogenic disease of crops is one that is not caused by a pathogen (such as a bacterium, fungus, or virus). Instead, these diseases are caused by environmental factors, nutritional deficiencies, or other non-living agents. Examples of non-pathogenic diseases include:

1. Nutrient deficiencies: These diseases are caused by a lack of essential nutrients in the soil, such as nitrogen, iron, or magnesium. Symptoms include yellowing of leaves, stunted growth, and reduced fruit production.

2. Environmental stresses: These diseases are caused by adverse environmental conditions, such as drought, frost, or excessive moisture. Symptoms include wilting, leaf drop, and reduced plant vigor.

(b) Benefits of trimming in horticulture:
Four benefits of trimming in horticulture are:

1. Promotes healthy growth: Trimming helps to remove diseased, damaged, or dead branches, promoting healthy growth and preventing the spread of diseases.

2. Increases fruit production: Trimming can help to increase fruit production by promoting better air circulation and sunlight penetration, which can lead to improved fruit quality and yield.

3. Enhances plant appearance: Trimming can help to improve the overall appearance of the plant by removing overgrown or unsightly branches, making it more attractive to consumers.

4. Prevents pest and disease infestations: Trimming can help to prevent pest and disease infestations by removing potential hiding places and reducing the risk of direct contact between the plant and pathogens.

(c) Suppling and thinning:
Suppling and thinning are two terms used in horticulture to describe different pruning techniques.

Suppling involves removing or cutting back branches that are growing inwards or crossing over other branches. This helps to improve air circulation and sunlight penetration, promoting healthy growth and fruit production.

Thinning involves removing or cutting back branches that are growing inwards or crossing over other branches, as well as removing weak or damaged branches. This helps to improve plant appearance, promote healthy growth, and increase fruit production.

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