🔆 Complicity, Not Diplomacy – Zahra Nader
📍 Key Idea (Easy Summary)
✅ The article condemns India’s official engagement with the Taliban, calling it a silent endorsement of a regime that systematically erases women from public life.
✅ Since 2021, the Taliban has banned girls’ education, barred women from most jobs, and restricted movement, turning gender oppression into state policy.
✅ By hosting the Taliban delegation for international events, India risks normalising misogyny and weakening global solidarity for Afghan women.
✅ The writer argues that women’s rights are not cultural issues but human rights, and countries like India must not trade moral responsibility for diplomatic convenience.
✅ True diplomacy, she asserts, should mean standing with the silenced, not legitimising those who silence them.
📍 Mains Question
👉 “India’s engagement with the Taliban raises questions about the limits of realpolitik in foreign policy. Should moral responsibility outweigh strategic interests?”
✨ #ForeignPolicy #WomenRights
📍 Key Idea (Easy Summary)
✅ The article condemns India’s official engagement with the Taliban, calling it a silent endorsement of a regime that systematically erases women from public life.
✅ Since 2021, the Taliban has banned girls’ education, barred women from most jobs, and restricted movement, turning gender oppression into state policy.
✅ By hosting the Taliban delegation for international events, India risks normalising misogyny and weakening global solidarity for Afghan women.
✅ The writer argues that women’s rights are not cultural issues but human rights, and countries like India must not trade moral responsibility for diplomatic convenience.
✅ True diplomacy, she asserts, should mean standing with the silenced, not legitimising those who silence them.
📍 Mains Question
👉 “India’s engagement with the Taliban raises questions about the limits of realpolitik in foreign policy. Should moral responsibility outweigh strategic interests?”
✨ #ForeignPolicy #WomenRights
Forwarded from UPSC update
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🔆 Peace in West Asia Hinges on Palestine Issue
📍 Context:
The ceasefire between Hamas & Israel, hailed as the “historical dawn of the new Middle East,” remains fragile without addressing the core Palestinian question.
✅ Key Points:
• The Sharm el-Sheikh Summit saw Arab, Muslim & Western leaders call for rights protection and dismantling extremism.
• Declaration avoided tough issues like Hamas’ disarmament and Israeli military presence in Gaza.
• Persistent instability due to Iran-backed groups, Israeli airstrikes, and regional rivalries.
✅ Way Forward:
• Ensure sustainable ceasefire and Israeli withdrawal.
• Build a realistic roadmap for a Palestinian State.
• Focus on reconstruction & inclusive peace efforts rather than symbolic declarations.
📍 Essence:
Lasting peace in West Asia demands resolving the Palestinian question, not just managing ceasefires.
✨ #WestAsia #PalestineIssue
📍 Context:
The ceasefire between Hamas & Israel, hailed as the “historical dawn of the new Middle East,” remains fragile without addressing the core Palestinian question.
✅ Key Points:
• The Sharm el-Sheikh Summit saw Arab, Muslim & Western leaders call for rights protection and dismantling extremism.
• Declaration avoided tough issues like Hamas’ disarmament and Israeli military presence in Gaza.
• Persistent instability due to Iran-backed groups, Israeli airstrikes, and regional rivalries.
✅ Way Forward:
• Ensure sustainable ceasefire and Israeli withdrawal.
• Build a realistic roadmap for a Palestinian State.
• Focus on reconstruction & inclusive peace efforts rather than symbolic declarations.
📍 Essence:
Lasting peace in West Asia demands resolving the Palestinian question, not just managing ceasefires.
✨ #WestAsia #PalestineIssue
❤1
🔆 China’s Crude Oil Stockpiling – Energy Security & Geopolitics
📍 Key Idea
✅ China — the world’s largest oil importer — has been stockpiling crude oil since 2015 to secure energy supplies amid global uncertainty.
✅ It buys oil from sanctioned nations like Iran, Venezuela, and Russia at discounted rates, building reserves beyond 1 billion barrels.
✅ This helps shield China from supply shocks and stabilizes domestic refining, but also adds global demand pressure.
✅ Stockpiling supports energy security, geopolitical leverage, and industrial self-reliance, especially amid US tensions and volatile markets.
📍 Mains Question
👉 “China’s crude oil stockpiling reflects the intersection of energy security and geopolitics. Examine its implications for global oil markets and India’s energy strategy.”
✨ #EnergySecurity #Geopolitics
📍 Key Idea
✅ China — the world’s largest oil importer — has been stockpiling crude oil since 2015 to secure energy supplies amid global uncertainty.
✅ It buys oil from sanctioned nations like Iran, Venezuela, and Russia at discounted rates, building reserves beyond 1 billion barrels.
✅ This helps shield China from supply shocks and stabilizes domestic refining, but also adds global demand pressure.
✅ Stockpiling supports energy security, geopolitical leverage, and industrial self-reliance, especially amid US tensions and volatile markets.
📍 Mains Question
👉 “China’s crude oil stockpiling reflects the intersection of energy security and geopolitics. Examine its implications for global oil markets and India’s energy strategy.”
✨ #EnergySecurity #Geopolitics
❤2🤔1
🔆 India–Afghanistan Engagement: A Roadmap for Stability
📍 Context & Objective
✅ Visit of Afghanistan’s Acting FM Amir Khan Muttaqi marks a new phase in India’s engagement.
✅ Goal: Stabilise Afghanistan through humanitarian aid and development cooperation, projecting India as a stabilising, non-zero-sum actor in South Asia.
📍 India’s Strategic Approach
✅ Shift from rivalry with Pakistan to humanitarian diplomacy and regional peace-building.
✅ Focus on development assistance, infrastructure rebuilding, and people-centric projects.
📍 Security & Terrorism
✅ India–Taliban statement: Afghan soil won’t be used against India (post-Pahalgam 2025 attack).
✅ Taliban’s fight against IS-K noted; TTP presence still a concern for both India & Pakistan.
📍 Counter-Narcotics Cooperation
✅ India may aid crop substitution and anti-drug enforcement training via NCB.
✅ Controlling narcotics trade crucial for regional stability and Taliban’s global legitimacy.
📍 Infrastructure & Water Diplomacy
✅ India keen on Shahoot Dam (Kabul River) and new water-sharing frameworks.
✅ Emphasis on urban infrastructure—power, water, and connectivity—to rebuild Kabul.
📍 Education & Social Development
✅ India announced 1,000 e-scholarships under ICCR, with calls to expand digital education access.
✅ Women’s education remains critical for Afghanistan’s social reintegration and India’s outreach.
✅ Mining & skill training key to sustainable job creation.
📍 Strategic Goal
✅ Uphold a friendly, independent, and stable Afghanistan, free from external domination.
✅ Requires a whole-of-government approach integrating diplomacy, security, and development.
📍 Mains Question:
How can India’s calibrated engagement with the Taliban regime contribute to regional stability while safeguarding its strategic and humanitarian interests in Afghanistan?
#ir
📍 Context & Objective
✅ Visit of Afghanistan’s Acting FM Amir Khan Muttaqi marks a new phase in India’s engagement.
✅ Goal: Stabilise Afghanistan through humanitarian aid and development cooperation, projecting India as a stabilising, non-zero-sum actor in South Asia.
📍 India’s Strategic Approach
✅ Shift from rivalry with Pakistan to humanitarian diplomacy and regional peace-building.
✅ Focus on development assistance, infrastructure rebuilding, and people-centric projects.
📍 Security & Terrorism
✅ India–Taliban statement: Afghan soil won’t be used against India (post-Pahalgam 2025 attack).
✅ Taliban’s fight against IS-K noted; TTP presence still a concern for both India & Pakistan.
📍 Counter-Narcotics Cooperation
✅ India may aid crop substitution and anti-drug enforcement training via NCB.
✅ Controlling narcotics trade crucial for regional stability and Taliban’s global legitimacy.
📍 Infrastructure & Water Diplomacy
✅ India keen on Shahoot Dam (Kabul River) and new water-sharing frameworks.
✅ Emphasis on urban infrastructure—power, water, and connectivity—to rebuild Kabul.
📍 Education & Social Development
✅ India announced 1,000 e-scholarships under ICCR, with calls to expand digital education access.
✅ Women’s education remains critical for Afghanistan’s social reintegration and India’s outreach.
✅ Mining & skill training key to sustainable job creation.
📍 Strategic Goal
✅ Uphold a friendly, independent, and stable Afghanistan, free from external domination.
✅ Requires a whole-of-government approach integrating diplomacy, security, and development.
📍 Mains Question:
How can India’s calibrated engagement with the Taliban regime contribute to regional stability while safeguarding its strategic and humanitarian interests in Afghanistan?
#ir
❤1
🔆 Refugees vs Infiltrators – Need for a Non-Discriminatory Refugee Policy
📍 Key Idea (Easy Summary)
✅ India is not a signatory to the 1951 UN Refugee Convention or its 1967 Protocol, and thus lacks a comprehensive refugee law.
✅ Refugees are governed under older laws like the Foreigners Act (1946) and Citizenship Act (1955), which treat them the same as other foreign nationals.
✅ This leads to arbitrary distinctions — while Tibetan refugees received formal rehabilitation in 2014, Sri Lankan Tamils and Rohingya remain excluded.
✅ The Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019, offering citizenship to six non-Muslim communities, has been criticized for religion-based exclusion.
✅ The article calls for a consistent, fair, and non-discriminatory refugee policy — balancing security with humanitarian principles.
📍 Mains Question
👉 “India’s absence of a comprehensive refugee law has led to inconsistent treatment of displaced populations. Critically analyze the need for a uniform refugee policy in India.”
✨ #RefugeePolicy #HumanRights
📍 Key Idea (Easy Summary)
✅ India is not a signatory to the 1951 UN Refugee Convention or its 1967 Protocol, and thus lacks a comprehensive refugee law.
✅ Refugees are governed under older laws like the Foreigners Act (1946) and Citizenship Act (1955), which treat them the same as other foreign nationals.
✅ This leads to arbitrary distinctions — while Tibetan refugees received formal rehabilitation in 2014, Sri Lankan Tamils and Rohingya remain excluded.
✅ The Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019, offering citizenship to six non-Muslim communities, has been criticized for religion-based exclusion.
✅ The article calls for a consistent, fair, and non-discriminatory refugee policy — balancing security with humanitarian principles.
📍 Mains Question
👉 “India’s absence of a comprehensive refugee law has led to inconsistent treatment of displaced populations. Critically analyze the need for a uniform refugee policy in India.”
✨ #RefugeePolicy #HumanRights
🔆 Engagement Without Recognition: India & New Afghanistan
📍 Context:
India hosted Taliban Foreign Minister Amir Khan Muttaqi — marking a major diplomatic outreach without formally recognising the Taliban regime.
📍 India’s Approach:
✅ No Formal Recognition: India engages the de facto Taliban administration without legitimising its takeover.
✅ Practical Diplomacy: Kabul Embassy functions as a technical mission to coordinate aid and ensure regional stability.
✅ Regional Realignment: Uzbekistan first accepted a Taliban envoy; others in Central Asia have maintained limited engagement.
📍 India’s Strategic Focus:
✅ Counterterrorism: Prevent Taliban–Pakistan nexus from fuelling regional extremism.
✅ Humanitarian Aid: Continued assistance via UN and local partners.
✅ Economic Diplomacy: Seeks to leverage projects like Chabahar Port and TAPI Pipeline for regional connectivity.
📍 Significance:
India’s approach balances realpolitik and restraint, engaging Afghanistan’s power centre while protecting sovereignty and security interests.
📍 Mains Question:
How can India pursue strategic engagement with Afghanistan without formally recognising the Taliban regime? Discuss in light of regional security and diplomatic principles.
✨ #IndiaAfghanistanRelations
📍 Context:
India hosted Taliban Foreign Minister Amir Khan Muttaqi — marking a major diplomatic outreach without formally recognising the Taliban regime.
📍 India’s Approach:
✅ No Formal Recognition: India engages the de facto Taliban administration without legitimising its takeover.
✅ Practical Diplomacy: Kabul Embassy functions as a technical mission to coordinate aid and ensure regional stability.
✅ Regional Realignment: Uzbekistan first accepted a Taliban envoy; others in Central Asia have maintained limited engagement.
📍 India’s Strategic Focus:
✅ Counterterrorism: Prevent Taliban–Pakistan nexus from fuelling regional extremism.
✅ Humanitarian Aid: Continued assistance via UN and local partners.
✅ Economic Diplomacy: Seeks to leverage projects like Chabahar Port and TAPI Pipeline for regional connectivity.
📍 Significance:
India’s approach balances realpolitik and restraint, engaging Afghanistan’s power centre while protecting sovereignty and security interests.
📍 Mains Question:
How can India pursue strategic engagement with Afghanistan without formally recognising the Taliban regime? Discuss in light of regional security and diplomatic principles.
✨ #IndiaAfghanistanRelations
❤2
Forwarded from UPSC EPFO Anmol vachan
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🔆 India–China Relations @75 & Global Governance Initiative (GGI)
📍 Context: 2025 marks 75 years of diplomatic ties between India & China (est. 1950).
📍 Key Highlights
✅ High-Level Engagement: PM Modi & President Xi have met 18 times since 2014 — latest during BRICS 2024 (Kazan), focusing on stability & cooperation.
✅ UN @80: Both nations called for reform of global governance, reflecting multipolarity & shared leadership among emerging powers.
✅ Vision: India–China as partners, not rivals — emphasizing mutual trust, border peace, and joint contributions to global peace & prosperity.
📍 Global Governance Initiative (GGI) – Launched at Tianjin SCO Summit
✅ Proposed by China, backed by India’s emphasis on multilateralism & equity.
✅ Based on five principles:
1. Sovereign equality of all nations.
2. Rule of law under the UN Charter.
3. Inclusive multilateralism led by the UN.
4. People-centric approach to global welfare.
5. Practical results addressing real global challenges.
📍 Relevance
✅ Strengthens the role of Global South in shaping fair, multipolar world order.
✅ Encourages joint reform of global institutions, not replacement.
✅ Reinforces India–China cooperation in SCO & BRICS for equitable development.
📍 Mains Question:
Discuss the significance of the 75th anniversary of India–China diplomatic relations in the context of emerging global governance reforms and the Global Governance Initiative (GGI).
#ir
📍 Context: 2025 marks 75 years of diplomatic ties between India & China (est. 1950).
📍 Key Highlights
✅ High-Level Engagement: PM Modi & President Xi have met 18 times since 2014 — latest during BRICS 2024 (Kazan), focusing on stability & cooperation.
✅ UN @80: Both nations called for reform of global governance, reflecting multipolarity & shared leadership among emerging powers.
✅ Vision: India–China as partners, not rivals — emphasizing mutual trust, border peace, and joint contributions to global peace & prosperity.
📍 Global Governance Initiative (GGI) – Launched at Tianjin SCO Summit
✅ Proposed by China, backed by India’s emphasis on multilateralism & equity.
✅ Based on five principles:
1. Sovereign equality of all nations.
2. Rule of law under the UN Charter.
3. Inclusive multilateralism led by the UN.
4. People-centric approach to global welfare.
5. Practical results addressing real global challenges.
📍 Relevance
✅ Strengthens the role of Global South in shaping fair, multipolar world order.
✅ Encourages joint reform of global institutions, not replacement.
✅ Reinforces India–China cooperation in SCO & BRICS for equitable development.
📍 Mains Question:
Discuss the significance of the 75th anniversary of India–China diplomatic relations in the context of emerging global governance reforms and the Global Governance Initiative (GGI).
#ir
❤1
🔆 India’s Travails in Negotiating a Friendless World
📍 Key Idea:
India faces a growing challenge in adapting its foreign policy to a shifting global order marked by fractured alliances and transactional diplomacy. Once grounded in moralism and non-alignment, India’s strategy now struggles for flexibility amid rising US unpredictability, China’s assertiveness, and regional hostility.
India’s absence from key negotiations — such as the Gaza peace talks and evolving Asian power equations — signals a decline in geopolitical relevance. Relations with neighbors like Pakistan, Nepal, and even Bangladesh remain tense, while ties with China are mired in mistrust.
The piece argues that India must evolve from symbolic diplomacy to pragmatic engagement, leveraging its economic strength and strategic geography rather than moral posturing.
📍 Mains Question:
➡️ Critically examine the challenges facing India’s foreign policy in adapting to a multipolar, interest-driven global order.
#IR
Join https://www.tg-me.com/UPSC_4_IR
www.tg-me.com/upsc_the_hindu_ie_editorial
📍 Key Idea:
India faces a growing challenge in adapting its foreign policy to a shifting global order marked by fractured alliances and transactional diplomacy. Once grounded in moralism and non-alignment, India’s strategy now struggles for flexibility amid rising US unpredictability, China’s assertiveness, and regional hostility.
India’s absence from key negotiations — such as the Gaza peace talks and evolving Asian power equations — signals a decline in geopolitical relevance. Relations with neighbors like Pakistan, Nepal, and even Bangladesh remain tense, while ties with China are mired in mistrust.
The piece argues that India must evolve from symbolic diplomacy to pragmatic engagement, leveraging its economic strength and strategic geography rather than moral posturing.
📍 Mains Question:
➡️ Critically examine the challenges facing India’s foreign policy in adapting to a multipolar, interest-driven global order.
#IR
Join https://www.tg-me.com/UPSC_4_IR
www.tg-me.com/upsc_the_hindu_ie_editorial
🔆 India–US Trade Deal: Strategic Safeguards
📍 Context
✅ India–US trade talks nearing conclusion during ASEAN Summit; aim — ensure balanced, sovereign outcomes.
📍 Negotiation Vigilance
✅ Insist on written terms before announcements to avoid last-minute US revisions.
✅ Maintain a firm yet cooperative stance rooted in mutual benefit.
📍 Digital & IP Concerns
✅ Protect data sovereignty, curb digital monopolies, and retain policy freedom over tech platforms.
📍 Strategic Lessons
✅ Avoid overdependence on US markets; diversify exports.
✅ Guard manufacturing and agriculture from adverse concessions.
📍 Long-Term Priority
✅ Preserve policy space for future regulation and development needs.
✅ As Chanakya advised — walk away if interests are compromised.
📍 Mains Question:
How can India balance strategic autonomy with economic cooperation in the proposed trade deal with the United States?
#ir #Economy
📍 Context
✅ India–US trade talks nearing conclusion during ASEAN Summit; aim — ensure balanced, sovereign outcomes.
📍 Negotiation Vigilance
✅ Insist on written terms before announcements to avoid last-minute US revisions.
✅ Maintain a firm yet cooperative stance rooted in mutual benefit.
📍 Digital & IP Concerns
✅ Protect data sovereignty, curb digital monopolies, and retain policy freedom over tech platforms.
📍 Strategic Lessons
✅ Avoid overdependence on US markets; diversify exports.
✅ Guard manufacturing and agriculture from adverse concessions.
📍 Long-Term Priority
✅ Preserve policy space for future regulation and development needs.
✅ As Chanakya advised — walk away if interests are compromised.
📍 Mains Question:
How can India balance strategic autonomy with economic cooperation in the proposed trade deal with the United States?
#ir #Economy
❤1
🔆 The New Arc of India–Australia Collaboration
📍 Key Idea:
✅ India–Australia ties have deepened from strategic dialogue to practical defence and maritime cooperation, marked by Defence Ministers’ Dialogue and a Joint Maritime Security Collaboration Roadmap.
✅ The focus areas include submarine rescue, logistics, joint refuelling, defence tech sharing, and coordinated Indo-Pacific operations.
✅ This partnership builds on shared concerns over China’s assertiveness, aligning with the Quad framework (India, US, Japan, Australia) to ensure a rules-based Indo-Pacific order.
✅ Structural factors — like maritime security, industrial collaboration, and joint defence manufacturing — are driving the relationship toward a shared, stable maritime operating model.
📍 UPSC Mains Question:
👉 “Discuss how India–Australia defence cooperation strengthens India’s strategic role in the Indo-Pacific region.”
#IR
Join https://www.tg-me.com/UPSC_4_IR
www.tg-me.com/upsc_the_hindu_ie_editorial
📍 Key Idea:
✅ India–Australia ties have deepened from strategic dialogue to practical defence and maritime cooperation, marked by Defence Ministers’ Dialogue and a Joint Maritime Security Collaboration Roadmap.
✅ The focus areas include submarine rescue, logistics, joint refuelling, defence tech sharing, and coordinated Indo-Pacific operations.
✅ This partnership builds on shared concerns over China’s assertiveness, aligning with the Quad framework (India, US, Japan, Australia) to ensure a rules-based Indo-Pacific order.
✅ Structural factors — like maritime security, industrial collaboration, and joint defence manufacturing — are driving the relationship toward a shared, stable maritime operating model.
📍 UPSC Mains Question:
👉 “Discuss how India–Australia defence cooperation strengthens India’s strategic role in the Indo-Pacific region.”
#IR
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🔆 India–Taliban Relations: A Calibrated Engagement
📍 Key Idea:
India is cautiously re-engaging with the Taliban regime through diplomatic channels, humanitarian aid, and limited official dialogue — aiming to protect its strategic interests in Afghanistan without formally recognizing the government.
The visit of Afghan FM Amir Khan Muttaqi marks a shift from isolation to pragmatic outreach, focused on counterterrorism cooperation, trade connectivity, and regional stability.
However, women’s rights issues, Taliban’s Pakistan ties, and the security threat from terror groups remain key obstacles to deeper engagement.
📍 Mains Question:
Critically assess India’s evolving engagement with the Taliban in light of its strategic, humanitarian, and security interests in Afghanistan.
#ir
📍 Key Idea:
India is cautiously re-engaging with the Taliban regime through diplomatic channels, humanitarian aid, and limited official dialogue — aiming to protect its strategic interests in Afghanistan without formally recognizing the government.
The visit of Afghan FM Amir Khan Muttaqi marks a shift from isolation to pragmatic outreach, focused on counterterrorism cooperation, trade connectivity, and regional stability.
However, women’s rights issues, Taliban’s Pakistan ties, and the security threat from terror groups remain key obstacles to deeper engagement.
📍 Mains Question:
Critically assess India’s evolving engagement with the Taliban in light of its strategic, humanitarian, and security interests in Afghanistan.
#ir
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🔆 Multilateralism Isn’t Dead – Shashi Tharoor
📍 Context:
As the UN marks its 80th anniversary, faith in multilateralism is shaken amid wars, inequality, and power rivalries. Yet, global cooperation remains indispensable.
📍 Key Ideas:
✅ UN relevance questioned — US withdrawal from bodies, funding cuts, and rising nationalist politics weaken collective action.
✅ Despite crises, multilateralism has delivered — from SDGs to Paris Agreement — proving its value in collective problem-solving.
✅ The challenge: make multilateralism inclusive, empathetic, and citizen-focused, not just for diplomats.
✅ Emerging powers like India can shape a new, pragmatic and equitable global order, rooted in solidarity and sustainable development.
📍 Core Message:
The UN may be imperfect — but it remains humanity’s best forum for cooperation in an interdependent world.
📍 Mains Question:
➡️ Critically examine the relevance of multilateralism in an era of geopolitical divides and rising nationalism.
#ir
📍 Context:
As the UN marks its 80th anniversary, faith in multilateralism is shaken amid wars, inequality, and power rivalries. Yet, global cooperation remains indispensable.
📍 Key Ideas:
✅ UN relevance questioned — US withdrawal from bodies, funding cuts, and rising nationalist politics weaken collective action.
✅ Despite crises, multilateralism has delivered — from SDGs to Paris Agreement — proving its value in collective problem-solving.
✅ The challenge: make multilateralism inclusive, empathetic, and citizen-focused, not just for diplomats.
✅ Emerging powers like India can shape a new, pragmatic and equitable global order, rooted in solidarity and sustainable development.
📍 Core Message:
The UN may be imperfect — but it remains humanity’s best forum for cooperation in an interdependent world.
📍 Mains Question:
➡️ Critically examine the relevance of multilateralism in an era of geopolitical divides and rising nationalism.
#ir
Forwarded from UPSC EPFO Anmol vachan
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🔆 A New Cold War – U.S. vs China
📍 Key Idea:
The ongoing U.S.–China rivalry marks a new Cold War, not over ideology but technological supremacy.
Both nations are battling for dominance in the next industrial age, with the U.S. restricting China’s semiconductor access and China countering through the Belt and Road Initiative.
Unlike the 20th-century Cold War driven by military blocs, this one is rooted in economic power, innovation, and control of supply chains, shaping global alliances and trade strategies.
📍 Mains Question:
➡️ How does the ongoing U.S.–China technological rivalry resemble a new form of Cold War, and what are its implications for global economic stability?
#ir
📍 Key Idea:
The ongoing U.S.–China rivalry marks a new Cold War, not over ideology but technological supremacy.
Both nations are battling for dominance in the next industrial age, with the U.S. restricting China’s semiconductor access and China countering through the Belt and Road Initiative.
Unlike the 20th-century Cold War driven by military blocs, this one is rooted in economic power, innovation, and control of supply chains, shaping global alliances and trade strategies.
📍 Mains Question:
➡️ How does the ongoing U.S.–China technological rivalry resemble a new form of Cold War, and what are its implications for global economic stability?
#ir