✍🏼 Noteworthy points of the lecture:

ways to communicate
billions of emails
millions of messages
Whatsap / Wechat / Yahoo Messenger (these are secondary ideas)
many telegrams every day worldwide
understand telegraph system

#SST #Summarize_Spoken_Text

Lecture Script:


Human rights encompass the fundamental freedoms that every individual is entitled to, regardless of their geographical location or circumstances. Among these rights is the freedom of speech, which allows people to express their opinions and beliefs openly. This right is crucial in promoting dialogue, understanding, and progress in societies worldwide. However, it’s important to distinguish between human rights and civil rights. Civil rights pertain more specifically to the rights granted by a particular government to its citizens, often focusing on issues such as equality before the law and nondiscrimination. For instance, some may mistakenly view certain privileges, such as access to education, as inherent human rights when they are, in fact, civil rights guaranteed by laws and policies. It’s essential not to confuse these categories, as human rights are universal and apply to all individuals simply by virtue of being human. Upholding these rights involves advocating for their protection, fostering inclusive societies, and ensuring that everyone can exercise their freedoms without fear of reprisal or discrimination. This commitment to human rights promotes a more just and equitable world where all people can live with dignity and autonomy.



#SST #Summarize_Spoken_Text

Lecture mention-worthy points:

🔑 human rights

🔑 fundamental freedoms

🔑 geographical location

🔑 circumstances

🔑 the freedom of speech

🔑 opinions and beliefs

🔑 promoting dialogue

🔑 progress in societies

🔑 civil rights

🔑 particular government

🔑 focusing on issues

🔑 certain privileges

🔑 access to education

🔑 inherent human rights

🔑 advocating protection

🔑 dignity and autonomy


#SST #Summarize_Spoken_Text

📌 متن :

🖥 While the prevailing scientific consensus acknowledges the profound impact of human activity on climate change, the precise mechanisms and the magnitude of future warming remain subjects of ongoing debate. The intricate interplay of atmospheric and oceanic currents, coupled with the complex feedback loops within the Earth's climate system, presents significant challenges to accurate prediction.

#RA ، #Read_Aloud

#RA ، #Read_Aloud

Darwin did not invent, he did not even ----1---- a totally new theory, but by years of careful observation, ----2---- study, and analogical ----3----, he managed to formulate in a ----4---- and scientific fashion, a theory which rapidly gained ----5---- as the correct, or basically correct explanation of the ----6---- of life on our earth. It was in November 1859 that Darwin published his fundamental work, The Origin of Species by means of Natural Selection.
  
A) Coherent B) Diversity C) Painstaking D) Premise E) Deductions
F) Checkered G) Credence H) Propose
 
#RFIB_SKB.111

✅ Answer:
1. Propose 2. Painstaking 3. Deductions 4. Coherent 5. Credence 6. Diversity

#RFIB_SKB.111

❇️Analysis of the answers:

1.  Propose (v.): after the subject, we need to use a verb and based on meaning “propose” is correct.
2. Painstaking (adj.): the word after the gap is a noun so we must use an adjective in the gap and based on meaning “painstaking” is correct.
3. Deductions (n.): the word “analogical” is an adjective so we must use a noun in the gap and based on meaning “deductions” is correct.
4. Coherent (adj.): “and” has a parallel role so the words before and after it must have the same grammatical role and based on meaning “coherent” is correct.
5. Credence (n.): based on English word order after a verb we can use a noun and based on meaning “credence” is correct.
6. Diversity (n.): before the gap the article “the” is used so we must use a noun in the gap and based on meaning “diversity” is correct.

تحلیل :
1. بعد از فاعل, فعل استفاده میشود و براساس معنا کلمه propose صحیح است.
2. کلمه بعد از جای خالی اسم است پی در جای خالی صفت استفاده میشود و با توجه به معنا کلمه painstaking صحیح است.
3. کلمه analogical صفت است پس در جای خالی باید اسم استفاده شود و با توجه به معنا کلمه deductions صحیح است.
4. کلمه and نقش موازی دارد و کلمات بعد و قبل از آن باید نقش گرامری یکسانی داشته باشند و براساس معنا کلمه coherent صحیح است.
5. براساس چینش کلمات در انگلیسی بعد از فعل میتوان از اسم هم استفاده کرد و با توجه به معنا کلمه credence صحیح است.
6. قبل از جای خالی ار حرف تعریف the استفاده شده است پس در جای خالی اسم استفاده میشود و براساس معنا کلمه diversity صحیح است.

1.  Propose (v.): put forward (a plan or suggestion) for consideration by others. طرح کردن
2. Painstaking (adj.): done with or employing great care and thoroughness. پرزحمت
3. Deductions (n.): the action of deducting or subtracting something. کم کردن
4. Coherent (adj.): (of an argument, theory, or policy) logical and consistent. منسجم
5. Credence (n.): belief in or acceptance of something as true. اعتبار
6. Diversity (n.): the state of being diverse; variety. تنوع
#RFIB_SKB.111

(1) ............ it’s no wonder that dogs are (2) ............ as man’s best friends, little is known about the origins of this friendship. It is presumed that dogs were one of the first animals to be (3) ………… by humans. One notable effect of this long relationship with humans is that unlike other canine species, dogs can (4) ………… on a carbohydrate-rich diet. Historically, dogs have been (5) ………… us in many ways; recently they are also assisting people with disabilities and (6) ………… in therapy. Patients who were administered dog therapy demonstrated decreased stress, increased happiness, and (7) ………… energy levels.

#rwfib_2


1. A) because B) since C) while D) therefore
2. A) boring B) popular C) danger D) laziness
3. A) encounter B) ridicule C) safe D) domesticated
4. A) master B) flourish C) worried D) prejudice
5. A) hurting B) damaged C) helping D) frightened
6. A) aiding B) mercurial C) tremendous D) carnivore
7. A) jostle B) kind C) improved D) neighbourly

#rwfib_2

✅Answers:
1. while: in spite of the fact that, although – اگرچه
2. popular: liked by a lot of people – معروف
3. domesticated: domesticated animals are able to work for people or live with them as pets – اهلی کردن
4. flourish: to grow well and be very healthy – رشد کردن
5. helping: to make a situation better, easier, or less painful – کمک کردن
6. aiding: help that you need to do a particular thing – کمک رساندن
7. improved: better than before – بهتر شده

#rwfib_2

✅Analysis:
1. Here we need a conjunction to show the relation of contrast between two sentences, that is “while”. Be careful, “while” has another meaning that means “during the time that something is happening”. All other options are conjunctions for a cause-effect relation and do not fit here.
1. در اینجا به حرف ربطی نیاز داریم که رابطه تضاد معنایی بین دو جمله را به خوبی نشان دهد. گزینه درست “while” است. دقت داشته باشید که “while” معنی دیگری هم دارد که به معنی "هنگامی که" میباشد. بقیه گزینه ها ارتباط علت و معلول را در جمله ها نشان میدهند که برای این سوال مناسب نیستند.
2. After “to be” verb, mostly adjectives are used. Here all options are adjectives, but by looking at preposition “as” it can be concluded that “popular” is the suitable answer.
2. بعد از افعال “to be” معمولا از صفت استفاده میشود. در اینجا تمامی گزینه ها صفت هستند اما با نگاه کردن به حرف اضافه “as” متوجه میشویم که “popular” گزینه مناسب است.
3. “to be + past participle” is the passive form of infinitive so a past participle must be used here. option D is the only option with past participle.
“to be + past participle”  ساختار مجهول infinitive است پس در اینجا یک فعل past participle باید استفاده شود که تنها گزینه ای که شامل past participle است گزینه D میباشد.
4. After “modal verbs”, base form of verbs are used. Because of preposition “on” we can come up with the idea that the correct answer is “flourish”.
4. بعد از افعال ناقص در زبان انگلیسی از فعل به صورت ساده استفاده میشود. با توجه به حرف اضافه “on” گزینه “flourish” درست است.
5. “have + been + past participle” is the passive form of present perfect tense. On the contrary, “have + been + verb + ing” is the active form of present perfect continuous verb. Here by “us”, that is an objective pronoun, we can conclude that the sentence is not in passive form. So we need a verb with ing. By looking at the rest of the sentence, we can see “also” alongside with “are assisting” so we can conclude that C, “helping” can be the best answer.
5. “have + been + past participle” ساختار مجهول حال کامل است. از طرفی “have + been + verb + ing” هم ساختار زمان حال کامل استمراری میباشد. در اینجا به دلیل بودن ضمیر مفعولی “us” متوجه میشویم که جمله مجهول نیست پس به فعل به صورت –ing نیاز داریم. با نگاه کردن به بقیه جمله، میتوانیم “also” و “are assisting” رو ببنیم که با توجه به این کلمات گزینه درست C یعنی “helping” است.
6. In the previous sentence we can see “assisting”; few words after that we can see “and”. By grammar, we can analyze that “and” is used to connect to parallel structure, so “aiding” can be the best answer.
6. در جمله قبلی، کلمه “assisting” دیده میشود و چند کلمه جلوتر حرف ربط “and”. با توجه به گرامر میتوانیم تحلیل کنیم که “and” برای به هم مرتبط کردن دو ساختار مشابه استفاده شده است. پس “aiding” میتواند بهترین گزینه باشد.
7. Here again we can see a parallel structure that is connected by “and” and two “commas”. “decreased stress” and “increased happiness”, are words that are connected with commas and have similar structure (adjective+noun). So in the blank we, of course, need and adjective with –ed that is option C.
7. در اینجا باز هم ساختار های مشابهی را میبینیم که با هم به وسیله “and” و ویرگول به یکدیگر متصل شده اند. “decreased stress” و “increased happiness” ساختار های مشابهی هستند (صفت+اسم) که با ویرگول به یکدیگر متصل شده اند. بنابراین بعد از ویرگول هم به ساختار مشابهی دیگری نیاز داریم که باید ترکیب صفت و اسم باشد. گزینه C یک صفت با پسوند –ed است که گزینه مناسب برای این جای خالی میباشد.
#rwfib_2