Illustration to the Lanka Kanda of the Ramayana: The Awakening of the Giant Kumbhakarna. Kangra, late 19th century
Main centres of Kangra paintings are Guler, Basohli, Chamba, Nurpur, Bilaspur and Kangra. Collectively known as Pahari painting, covering the style that was patronized by Rajput rulers between the 17th and 19th centuries.
#painting
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Main centres of Kangra paintings are Guler, Basohli, Chamba, Nurpur, Bilaspur and Kangra. Collectively known as Pahari painting, covering the style that was patronized by Rajput rulers between the 17th and 19th centuries.
#painting
Join for History, Art and Culture: @nikhilhistoryculture
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Q141.Discuss the policy responses to the Great Economic Depression.
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Ramayana in Persian (Nastaliq Script), circa 18th century CE, National Museum, Delhi.
Translations of Indian Epics in Persian started in 1574 CE, when the Mughal Emperor, Akbar started a Maktab Khana or a house of translation works in Fatehpur Sikri. He endorsed the work to a few officials to make translations of the Sanskrit books Rajatarangini, Ramayana and Mahabharata into the Persian language. The first Ramayana in Persian was by Mulla’ Abdul Qadir Badayuni.
The translation in the picture is by an unknown writer and is written in simple Persian.
#painting #literature #medieval #mughal #religion #bhakti #akbar #Ramayana #manuscript
@nikhilhistoryculture
Translations of Indian Epics in Persian started in 1574 CE, when the Mughal Emperor, Akbar started a Maktab Khana or a house of translation works in Fatehpur Sikri. He endorsed the work to a few officials to make translations of the Sanskrit books Rajatarangini, Ramayana and Mahabharata into the Persian language. The first Ramayana in Persian was by Mulla’ Abdul Qadir Badayuni.
The translation in the picture is by an unknown writer and is written in simple Persian.
#painting #literature #medieval #mughal #religion #bhakti #akbar #Ramayana #manuscript
@nikhilhistoryculture
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Q141.
Pointers:
Policy Responses to the Great Economic Depression and Their Significance:
Keynesian Economics:
• Governments adopted the ideas of British economist John Maynard Keynes, emphasizing increased government spending to stimulate demand.
• The New Deal in the United States under President Franklin D. Roosevelt included public works programs, unemployment relief, and regulatory reforms.
Banking and Financial Reforms:
• Banking regulations were introduced to stabilize the financial sector and prevent future collapses.
• Glass-Steagall Act separated commercial and investment banking in the U.S., reducing risky behavior.
Trade Protectionism:
• Countries imposed tariffs and trade barriers to protect domestic industries from foreign competition.
• Smoot-Hawley Tariff in the U.S. increased tariffs on imported goods, triggering retaliation and reducing global trade.
International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Bank:
• IMF provided financial assistance to stabilize currencies and facilitate trade, while the World Bank funded reconstruction and development projects.
• Bretton Woods Conference established these institutions to prevent future economic crises.
Totalitarian Responses:
• Totalitarian regimes, like Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union, pursued autarky (self-sufficiency) and centralized control over economies.
• Nazi Germany focused on rearmament and public works projects, while the Soviet Union's Five-Year Plans prioritized heavy industry.
Social Unrest and Labor Movements:
• Labor unions and workers' movements demanded better wages and improved working conditions. The sit-down strike at General Motors plants in the U.S. led to improved labor rights and collective bargaining.
Rise of the Welfare State:
• Governments introduced social safety nets, including unemployment benefits, pensions, and healthcare. Sweden's welfare state expansion after WWII provided citizens with comprehensive social services.
Shifting Global Alliances:
• Economic hardships contributed to political realignments and changes in global power dynamics.
• Economic turmoil in Europe facilitated the rise of fascism and communism, reshaping international relations.
Lessons for Future Policy:
• Policymakers learned the importance of international cooperation, prudent financial regulation, and proactive government intervention.
• The global response to the 2008 financial crisis incorporated lessons from the Great Depression.
#world #MainsAnswerWriting
@nikhilhistoryculture
Pointers:
Policy Responses to the Great Economic Depression and Their Significance:
Keynesian Economics:
• Governments adopted the ideas of British economist John Maynard Keynes, emphasizing increased government spending to stimulate demand.
• The New Deal in the United States under President Franklin D. Roosevelt included public works programs, unemployment relief, and regulatory reforms.
Banking and Financial Reforms:
• Banking regulations were introduced to stabilize the financial sector and prevent future collapses.
• Glass-Steagall Act separated commercial and investment banking in the U.S., reducing risky behavior.
Trade Protectionism:
• Countries imposed tariffs and trade barriers to protect domestic industries from foreign competition.
• Smoot-Hawley Tariff in the U.S. increased tariffs on imported goods, triggering retaliation and reducing global trade.
International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Bank:
• IMF provided financial assistance to stabilize currencies and facilitate trade, while the World Bank funded reconstruction and development projects.
• Bretton Woods Conference established these institutions to prevent future economic crises.
Totalitarian Responses:
• Totalitarian regimes, like Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union, pursued autarky (self-sufficiency) and centralized control over economies.
• Nazi Germany focused on rearmament and public works projects, while the Soviet Union's Five-Year Plans prioritized heavy industry.
Social Unrest and Labor Movements:
• Labor unions and workers' movements demanded better wages and improved working conditions. The sit-down strike at General Motors plants in the U.S. led to improved labor rights and collective bargaining.
Rise of the Welfare State:
• Governments introduced social safety nets, including unemployment benefits, pensions, and healthcare. Sweden's welfare state expansion after WWII provided citizens with comprehensive social services.
Shifting Global Alliances:
• Economic hardships contributed to political realignments and changes in global power dynamics.
• Economic turmoil in Europe facilitated the rise of fascism and communism, reshaping international relations.
Lessons for Future Policy:
• Policymakers learned the importance of international cooperation, prudent financial regulation, and proactive government intervention.
• The global response to the 2008 financial crisis incorporated lessons from the Great Depression.
#world #MainsAnswerWriting
@nikhilhistoryculture
Q142. Balfour Declaration is considered to be a significant factor in shaping the course of conflict in West Asia. Discuss.
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@nikhilhistoryculture
#world #MainsAnswerWriting
@nikhilhistoryculture
Q142.
Pointers:
The Balfour Declaration was a statement issued by the British government in 1917 during World War I. It expressed support for the establishment of a "national home for the Jewish people" in Palestine, then under Ottoman rule. The declaration was named after Arthur Balfour, the British Foreign Secretary at the time.
The Balfour Declaration is considered significant for several reasons:
• Recognition of Jewish National Aspirations: The declaration marked the first time a major world power officially recognized the idea of establishing a Jewish homeland. This was significant as it provided international legitimacy to the Zionist movement, which had sought a Jewish homeland in Palestine.
• Impact on Regional Dynamics: The Balfour Declaration had profound consequences for the Middle East. The British promise of a Jewish homeland conflicted with the interests of the Arab population in the region, who also aspired for self-determination and national sovereignty.
• Contributing to Conflict: The declaration intensified tensions between Jewish immigrants and Arab locals, leading to violent clashes. The Arab population saw the British endorsement of a Jewish homeland as a breach of trust and their national aspirations. This tension laid the groundwork for decades of conflict between Jews and Arabs in the region.
• Mandate Period and Colonial Influence: After World War I, the League of Nations granted Britain a mandate over Palestine. The Balfour Declaration was incorporated into the mandate, shaping British policy in the region. The British administration's perceived favoritism towards Jewish immigration and settlement fueled Arab resentment and furthered the conflict.
• Seed of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict: The Balfour Declaration's support for a Jewish homeland sowed the seeds for the ongoing Israeli-Palestinian conflict. The struggle for control over the same piece of land by two distinct national groups has been at the heart of this conflict for decades.
• Geopolitical Implications: The declaration's endorsement of a Jewish homeland had repercussions beyond the local conflict. It influenced geopolitical alliances and interests in the Middle East during the 20th century.
#world #MainsAnswerWriting
@nikhilhistoryculture
Pointers:
The Balfour Declaration was a statement issued by the British government in 1917 during World War I. It expressed support for the establishment of a "national home for the Jewish people" in Palestine, then under Ottoman rule. The declaration was named after Arthur Balfour, the British Foreign Secretary at the time.
The Balfour Declaration is considered significant for several reasons:
• Recognition of Jewish National Aspirations: The declaration marked the first time a major world power officially recognized the idea of establishing a Jewish homeland. This was significant as it provided international legitimacy to the Zionist movement, which had sought a Jewish homeland in Palestine.
• Impact on Regional Dynamics: The Balfour Declaration had profound consequences for the Middle East. The British promise of a Jewish homeland conflicted with the interests of the Arab population in the region, who also aspired for self-determination and national sovereignty.
• Contributing to Conflict: The declaration intensified tensions between Jewish immigrants and Arab locals, leading to violent clashes. The Arab population saw the British endorsement of a Jewish homeland as a breach of trust and their national aspirations. This tension laid the groundwork for decades of conflict between Jews and Arabs in the region.
• Mandate Period and Colonial Influence: After World War I, the League of Nations granted Britain a mandate over Palestine. The Balfour Declaration was incorporated into the mandate, shaping British policy in the region. The British administration's perceived favoritism towards Jewish immigration and settlement fueled Arab resentment and furthered the conflict.
• Seed of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict: The Balfour Declaration's support for a Jewish homeland sowed the seeds for the ongoing Israeli-Palestinian conflict. The struggle for control over the same piece of land by two distinct national groups has been at the heart of this conflict for decades.
• Geopolitical Implications: The declaration's endorsement of a Jewish homeland had repercussions beyond the local conflict. It influenced geopolitical alliances and interests in the Middle East during the 20th century.
#world #MainsAnswerWriting
@nikhilhistoryculture
Q143.Discuss how the World War II contributed to the rise of new superpowers and the decline of established colonial powers.
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@nikhilhistoryculture
#World #MainsAnswerWriting
@nikhilhistoryculture
Q143
Pointers:
Rise of New Superpowers:
• United States Emergence: WWII catapulted the US into a dominant global position due to its industrial might, technological prowess, and relatively unscathed infrastructure.
• Soviet Union's Strength: The Soviet Union's role in defeating Nazi Germany showcased its military prowess, leading to its emergence as a superpower, especially in Eastern Europe.
• Technological Advancements: Both the US and USSR benefited from wartime research, which accelerated scientific progress, particularly in areas like nuclear technology. The Manhattan Project led to the creation of the atomic bomb, giving the US significant leverage.
• Bipolar World: The post-WWII era saw the emergence of a bipolar world, with the US and USSR locked in a Cold War, shaping global politics for decades. Formation of NATO and the Warsaw Pact as military alliances aligned with superpowers.
Decline of Established Colonial Powers
• Economic Exhaustion: WWII left colonial powers economically weakened, straining their ability to maintain vast colonial holdings and investments. The economic strain on Britain after the war hastened the decolonization process.
• Nationalist Movements: The war ignited nationalist sentiments as colonies played significant roles in the conflict, leading to aspirations for self-determination and independence.
• Shift in Global Focus: The war shifted global attention towards combating fascism, diverting resources and energy away from colonial control.
• Colonial Contributions: Colonies contributed resources, labor, and troops during the war, which exposed colonial exploitation and heightened demands for autonomy.
• Superpower Involvement: Both the US and USSR supported decolonization as part of their ideological stances, pressuring colonial powers to reconsider their imperial ambitions.
#World #MainsAnswerWriting
@nikhilhistoryculture
Pointers:
Rise of New Superpowers:
• United States Emergence: WWII catapulted the US into a dominant global position due to its industrial might, technological prowess, and relatively unscathed infrastructure.
• Soviet Union's Strength: The Soviet Union's role in defeating Nazi Germany showcased its military prowess, leading to its emergence as a superpower, especially in Eastern Europe.
• Technological Advancements: Both the US and USSR benefited from wartime research, which accelerated scientific progress, particularly in areas like nuclear technology. The Manhattan Project led to the creation of the atomic bomb, giving the US significant leverage.
• Bipolar World: The post-WWII era saw the emergence of a bipolar world, with the US and USSR locked in a Cold War, shaping global politics for decades. Formation of NATO and the Warsaw Pact as military alliances aligned with superpowers.
Decline of Established Colonial Powers
• Economic Exhaustion: WWII left colonial powers economically weakened, straining their ability to maintain vast colonial holdings and investments. The economic strain on Britain after the war hastened the decolonization process.
• Nationalist Movements: The war ignited nationalist sentiments as colonies played significant roles in the conflict, leading to aspirations for self-determination and independence.
• Shift in Global Focus: The war shifted global attention towards combating fascism, diverting resources and energy away from colonial control.
• Colonial Contributions: Colonies contributed resources, labor, and troops during the war, which exposed colonial exploitation and heightened demands for autonomy.
• Superpower Involvement: Both the US and USSR supported decolonization as part of their ideological stances, pressuring colonial powers to reconsider their imperial ambitions.
#World #MainsAnswerWriting
@nikhilhistoryculture
Q144. Discuss how the policies of containment and mutually assured destruction (MAD) influenced the decision-making of the superpowers during the Cold War.
#World #MainsAnswerWriting
@nikhilhistoryculture
#World #MainsAnswerWriting
@nikhilhistoryculture
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Yamuna by Kshitindranath Majumdar (1891-1975)
When the Nationalism movement was at its peak, the artists of Bengal, under the tutelage of Abanindranath Tagore worked towards the renaissance of Indian art. Tagore felt that European styles and mediums were taking over the Indian idiom and ways of artistic expression; thus inspiration from the East and from within India became the hallmark of the artists of the Bengal School.
One such artist was Kshitindranath Majumdar. Majumdar’s paintings have a lovely amalgamation of the spiritual and the sensual. He was enchanted with the realm of Vaishnavism and a lot of his paintings were based on the themes of Vaishnav Gods, Goddesses and saints.
#painting #swadeshi #modern
Join for History, Art and Culture @nikhilhistoryculture
When the Nationalism movement was at its peak, the artists of Bengal, under the tutelage of Abanindranath Tagore worked towards the renaissance of Indian art. Tagore felt that European styles and mediums were taking over the Indian idiom and ways of artistic expression; thus inspiration from the East and from within India became the hallmark of the artists of the Bengal School.
One such artist was Kshitindranath Majumdar. Majumdar’s paintings have a lovely amalgamation of the spiritual and the sensual. He was enchanted with the realm of Vaishnavism and a lot of his paintings were based on the themes of Vaishnav Gods, Goddesses and saints.
#painting #swadeshi #modern
Join for History, Art and Culture @nikhilhistoryculture
https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/archaeological-survey-of-india-to-undertake-3d-laser-scan-of-odishas-lingaraj-temple/cid/1960875
#temple #architecture #monument #preservation #asi #earlymedieval #odisha
@nikhilhistoryculture
#temple #architecture #monument #preservation #asi #earlymedieval #odisha
@nikhilhistoryculture
Telegraphindia
Archaeological Survey of India to undertake 3D laser scan of Odisha’s Lingaraj temple
After the survey is completed, the ASI would go for structural conservation as well as chemical preservation of the shrine, officials said
Forwarded from History Optional (UPSC)
https://theprint.in/opinion/iron-age-in-india-began-over-4000-years-ago-tamil-nadus-mayiladumparai-revises-research/1723138/
#ironage #prehistory #south #Dravid #sangama #site
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#ironage #prehistory #south #Dravid #sangama #site
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ThePrint
Iron Age in India began over 4,000 years ago. Tamil Nadu’s Mayiladumparai revises research
Discoveries from Mayiladumparai and a few sites in Telangana urge us to reassess a long-running debate on the genesis and spread of iron throughout the subcontinent.