Q.103
Pointers:
Various Global events
• Japan's industrial success showed Indians that an Asian nation could develop, inspiring them to overcome backwardness.
• Japan's rapid modernization and focus on education boosted Indian confidence in efficient governance and social progress.
• Victories of Ethiopia over Italy and Japan over Russia shattered the belief in European superiority.
• British setbacks in the Boer Wars demonstrated that even dominant governments could face defeat.
• Nationalist movements in Ireland, Russia, Turkey, and China inspired Indians to challenge powerful governments through collective action.
Impact of these events on the growth of militant nationalism in India:
• These events were celebrated everywhere in India, they inspired nationalists and renewed their vigour, bringing new approach into the freedom struggle.
• Revolutionary movements worldwide inspired faith of Indian leaders in capacity and role of masses in freedom struggle.
• New methods of struggle were introduced such as passive resistance, wider participation, ideas of Swaraj and Swadeshi. They were evident in Swadeshi Movement of 1906.
• Revolutionary nationalism also grew during this period with the formation of revolutionary secret societies such as Anushilan Samiti, Abhinav Bharata etc.
• Revolutionary young men copied Irish terrorists and Russian Nihilists to assassinate unpopular officials. The Chapekar brothres assassinated officials at Poona; Ras Behari Bose was involved in throwing bomb on Viceroy Hardinge.
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Pointers:
Various Global events
• Japan's industrial success showed Indians that an Asian nation could develop, inspiring them to overcome backwardness.
• Japan's rapid modernization and focus on education boosted Indian confidence in efficient governance and social progress.
• Victories of Ethiopia over Italy and Japan over Russia shattered the belief in European superiority.
• British setbacks in the Boer Wars demonstrated that even dominant governments could face defeat.
• Nationalist movements in Ireland, Russia, Turkey, and China inspired Indians to challenge powerful governments through collective action.
Impact of these events on the growth of militant nationalism in India:
• These events were celebrated everywhere in India, they inspired nationalists and renewed their vigour, bringing new approach into the freedom struggle.
• Revolutionary movements worldwide inspired faith of Indian leaders in capacity and role of masses in freedom struggle.
• New methods of struggle were introduced such as passive resistance, wider participation, ideas of Swaraj and Swadeshi. They were evident in Swadeshi Movement of 1906.
• Revolutionary nationalism also grew during this period with the formation of revolutionary secret societies such as Anushilan Samiti, Abhinav Bharata etc.
• Revolutionary young men copied Irish terrorists and Russian Nihilists to assassinate unpopular officials. The Chapekar brothres assassinated officials at Poona; Ras Behari Bose was involved in throwing bomb on Viceroy Hardinge.
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Q.104. In what ways did the Gandhian approach to politics transform the character of the Indian struggle for independence?
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Q.104
Pointers:
Nonviolence and Satyagraha: Gandhi's nonviolent resistance, Satyagraha, transformed the Indian struggle for independence by emphasizing peaceful means over armed rebellion, demonstrating the effectiveness of nonviolence in challenging British rule.
Mass Participation: He emphasized the importance of involving people from all sections of society, including peasants, workers, and women, in the freedom movement. This mass participation gave the movement a broad base of support and made it difficult for the British authorities to suppress.
Swadeshi and Self-Sufficiency: He encouraged Indians to boycott British goods and promote indigenous industries. This approach aimed to weaken the economic foundation of British rule and foster self-reliance among the Indian population.
Symbolism and Simple Living: His adoption of traditional Indian attire, particularly the dhoti, and his spinning of khadi (homespun cloth) became powerful symbols of self-reliance and resistance against British domination. His austere lifestyle and emphasis on moral values resonated with the common people and helped to mobilize them in large numbers.
Unity and Communal Harmony: He believed in the unity of Hindus and Muslims and actively worked towards communal harmony. This inclusive approach was crucial in bringing diverse groups together and presenting a united front against colonial rule.
Emphasis on Truth and Moral Values: Gandhi placed great importance on truth, honesty, and moral values. He believed that individuals should lead their lives according to these principles, and this would ultimately lead to societal transformation.
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Pointers:
Nonviolence and Satyagraha: Gandhi's nonviolent resistance, Satyagraha, transformed the Indian struggle for independence by emphasizing peaceful means over armed rebellion, demonstrating the effectiveness of nonviolence in challenging British rule.
Mass Participation: He emphasized the importance of involving people from all sections of society, including peasants, workers, and women, in the freedom movement. This mass participation gave the movement a broad base of support and made it difficult for the British authorities to suppress.
Swadeshi and Self-Sufficiency: He encouraged Indians to boycott British goods and promote indigenous industries. This approach aimed to weaken the economic foundation of British rule and foster self-reliance among the Indian population.
Symbolism and Simple Living: His adoption of traditional Indian attire, particularly the dhoti, and his spinning of khadi (homespun cloth) became powerful symbols of self-reliance and resistance against British domination. His austere lifestyle and emphasis on moral values resonated with the common people and helped to mobilize them in large numbers.
Unity and Communal Harmony: He believed in the unity of Hindus and Muslims and actively worked towards communal harmony. This inclusive approach was crucial in bringing diverse groups together and presenting a united front against colonial rule.
Emphasis on Truth and Moral Values: Gandhi placed great importance on truth, honesty, and moral values. He believed that individuals should lead their lives according to these principles, and this would ultimately lead to societal transformation.
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Q.105 Discuss the significant transformations brought about by the non-cooperation movement in the approach of the Indian National Congress (INC) and analyze its long-term consequences on the trajectory of the Indian freedom struggle.
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Q.105
Pointers:
Non-cooperation movement marked changes in the approaches of the INC:
• During this phase, the Indian National Congress underwent a significant reorganization, establishing district and village level units to transform the party into a truly inclusive mass organization.
• The previous focus on utilizing "constitutional means" was replaced with a broader commitment to employing "all peaceful and legitimate methods" in the pursuit of their objectives.
• There was a deliberate emphasis on addressing and bridging class and communal divisions, with a focus on unifying issues. As an example, the Indian National Congress made an unprecedented appeal in the Nagpur Session of 1920 to eradicate untouchability and remove the stain it cast on Hinduism.
Even though the movement was withdrawn in the wake of the Chauri Chaura incident it had a significant impact on the future of the freedom struggle-
• Gandhi ji's leadership during this movement captured the collective imagination of the masses in an unprecedented manner.
• Gandhiji’s influence grew significantly, and future movements were launched under his guidance. The majority of Indian National Congress leaders and members became aligned with the Gandhian ideology.
• While the Non-Cooperation Movement was eventually withdrawn, its association with the Khilafat movement gradually waned as well.
• However, the Khilafat movement prominently utilized religious symbols and emotions, which continued to persist. This was accompanied by a rise in Hindu radicalism, fueling communal tensions in Indian politics. These developments laid the foundation for communalism, which eventually contributed to the partition of India.
• The Non-Cooperation Movement played a crucial role in generating political awareness and mobilizing millions of men and women.
• It instilled a sense of consciousness among the masses and propelled their active participation in the national movement. This widespread politicization and activation provided a much-needed impetus to the struggle for independence.
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Pointers:
Non-cooperation movement marked changes in the approaches of the INC:
• During this phase, the Indian National Congress underwent a significant reorganization, establishing district and village level units to transform the party into a truly inclusive mass organization.
• The previous focus on utilizing "constitutional means" was replaced with a broader commitment to employing "all peaceful and legitimate methods" in the pursuit of their objectives.
• There was a deliberate emphasis on addressing and bridging class and communal divisions, with a focus on unifying issues. As an example, the Indian National Congress made an unprecedented appeal in the Nagpur Session of 1920 to eradicate untouchability and remove the stain it cast on Hinduism.
Even though the movement was withdrawn in the wake of the Chauri Chaura incident it had a significant impact on the future of the freedom struggle-
• Gandhi ji's leadership during this movement captured the collective imagination of the masses in an unprecedented manner.
• Gandhiji’s influence grew significantly, and future movements were launched under his guidance. The majority of Indian National Congress leaders and members became aligned with the Gandhian ideology.
• While the Non-Cooperation Movement was eventually withdrawn, its association with the Khilafat movement gradually waned as well.
• However, the Khilafat movement prominently utilized religious symbols and emotions, which continued to persist. This was accompanied by a rise in Hindu radicalism, fueling communal tensions in Indian politics. These developments laid the foundation for communalism, which eventually contributed to the partition of India.
• The Non-Cooperation Movement played a crucial role in generating political awareness and mobilizing millions of men and women.
• It instilled a sense of consciousness among the masses and propelled their active participation in the national movement. This widespread politicization and activation provided a much-needed impetus to the struggle for independence.
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Q. 106. How did the outbreak of the First World War in 1914 invigorate the nationalist movement in India?
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Q.106.
Pointers:
Factors gave impetus to the nationalist movement in India:
• Indian soldiers abroad witnessed imperialist exploitation in Asia and Africa, inspiring their opposition to colonial rule upon their return to India.
• Muslims respected the Caliph and joined the Khilafat Movement to defend Turkey against the British during their conflict with the Turkish Empire.
• The war exacerbated oppression in agrarian society, with high taxes and prices. Nationalists organized tenants politically, as seen in Kisan Sabhas in UP and the Mappila agitation in Malabar.
• Growing nationalism brought moderates and extremists together at the Lucknow session in 1916.
• Despite differences, the Congress and the Muslim League presented common political demands to the British.
• Ghadarites aimed for a violent overthrow, while Home Rule Leaguers launched a nationwide agitation for Home Rule or Swaraj.
• Mahatma Gandhi emerged as a mass leader, uniting Hindus and Muslims through the Khilafat movement and promoting the idea of Satyagraha. Local issues drove the Champaran, Kheda, and Ahmadabad satyagrahas.
• Indian business groups profited from the war, benefiting from increased demand for industrial goods and decreased imports. They demanded more development opportunities as Indian industries expanded.
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Pointers:
Factors gave impetus to the nationalist movement in India:
• Indian soldiers abroad witnessed imperialist exploitation in Asia and Africa, inspiring their opposition to colonial rule upon their return to India.
• Muslims respected the Caliph and joined the Khilafat Movement to defend Turkey against the British during their conflict with the Turkish Empire.
• The war exacerbated oppression in agrarian society, with high taxes and prices. Nationalists organized tenants politically, as seen in Kisan Sabhas in UP and the Mappila agitation in Malabar.
• Growing nationalism brought moderates and extremists together at the Lucknow session in 1916.
• Despite differences, the Congress and the Muslim League presented common political demands to the British.
• Ghadarites aimed for a violent overthrow, while Home Rule Leaguers launched a nationwide agitation for Home Rule or Swaraj.
• Mahatma Gandhi emerged as a mass leader, uniting Hindus and Muslims through the Khilafat movement and promoting the idea of Satyagraha. Local issues drove the Champaran, Kheda, and Ahmadabad satyagrahas.
• Indian business groups profited from the war, benefiting from increased demand for industrial goods and decreased imports. They demanded more development opportunities as Indian industries expanded.
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Q.107. Despite the impressive performance of the Swarajists in the legislatures, they encountered several challenges that hindered their overall effectiveness. Discuss
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Q.107.
Pointers:
Activities of Swarajists in legislatures:
Formation of a united political front: The Swarajists formed alliances with Independents, Liberals, and other individuals to effectively challenge the government on various issues, including the Public Safety Bill in 1928.
Highlighting flaws in the Montague Chelmsford reforms: The Swarajists exposed the shortcomings of the Montague Chelmsford reforms, particularly the fact that the Executive remained outside the control of the Legislature. They successfully compelled the government to certify legislation that had been rejected by the Legislature, thereby revealing the weaknesses of the system.
Swarajist Vithalbhai Patel as the speaker: In a significant achievement, Vithalbhai Patel from the Swarajist faction was elected as the speaker of the Central Legislative Assembly in 1925, showcasing their growing influence and representation in key positions of power.
Advocacy for a new constitution: During the initial session, Nehru, a prominent Swarajist leader, voiced the national demand for the framing of a new constitution. This demonstrated the Swarajists' commitment to advancing the cause of constitutional reform and their visionary approach to governance.
Defeat of government budgetary demands: The Swarajists consistently voted against the government's proposed budgetary grants across different categories, leading to repeated humiliation for the government. This highlighted the Swarajists' ability to challenge the ruling party's financial plans and assert their influence within the legislative process.
Three major issues that took the centre stage through fiery speeches were:
o Constitutional advance leading to self-Government;
o Civil liberties, release of political prisoners and repeal of repressive laws; and
o Development of indigenous industries.
Thus, the Swarajist activity in legislature was spectacular. However, they faced certain challenges such as:
• Loss due to death of CR Das in 1925.
• Intrusion of communal discord among themselves.
• Lack of coordination between policy work in legislature and public work outside.
• Differences of tactic with their coalition partners.
• Internal differences leading to the creation of responsivts and non-responsivits.
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Pointers:
Activities of Swarajists in legislatures:
Formation of a united political front: The Swarajists formed alliances with Independents, Liberals, and other individuals to effectively challenge the government on various issues, including the Public Safety Bill in 1928.
Highlighting flaws in the Montague Chelmsford reforms: The Swarajists exposed the shortcomings of the Montague Chelmsford reforms, particularly the fact that the Executive remained outside the control of the Legislature. They successfully compelled the government to certify legislation that had been rejected by the Legislature, thereby revealing the weaknesses of the system.
Swarajist Vithalbhai Patel as the speaker: In a significant achievement, Vithalbhai Patel from the Swarajist faction was elected as the speaker of the Central Legislative Assembly in 1925, showcasing their growing influence and representation in key positions of power.
Advocacy for a new constitution: During the initial session, Nehru, a prominent Swarajist leader, voiced the national demand for the framing of a new constitution. This demonstrated the Swarajists' commitment to advancing the cause of constitutional reform and their visionary approach to governance.
Defeat of government budgetary demands: The Swarajists consistently voted against the government's proposed budgetary grants across different categories, leading to repeated humiliation for the government. This highlighted the Swarajists' ability to challenge the ruling party's financial plans and assert their influence within the legislative process.
Three major issues that took the centre stage through fiery speeches were:
o Constitutional advance leading to self-Government;
o Civil liberties, release of political prisoners and repeal of repressive laws; and
o Development of indigenous industries.
Thus, the Swarajist activity in legislature was spectacular. However, they faced certain challenges such as:
• Loss due to death of CR Das in 1925.
• Intrusion of communal discord among themselves.
• Lack of coordination between policy work in legislature and public work outside.
• Differences of tactic with their coalition partners.
• Internal differences leading to the creation of responsivts and non-responsivits.
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108. Discuss the factors responsible for Quit India and its significance.
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Q.108
Pointers:
The various factors that led to the Quit India Movement were:
• The Cripps Mission's failure to resolve the constitutional deadlock revealed Britain's persistent reluctance to embrace constitutional progress.
• The escalating prices and scarcity of essential commodities fueled widespread public discontent.
• Reports of British defeats in South-East Asia and the imminent collapse of British forces further emboldened people to express their discontent.
• The abrupt departure of the British from South-East Asia, leaving the local population to fend for themselves, and the decisive victory of an Asian power shattered the notion of white superiority.
• The leadership aimed to prepare the masses for a potential Japanese invasion.
Significance of the Quit India Movement
• A remarkable display of mass participation unfolded, even in the absence of centralized leadership, indicating the widespread determination of the masses to overthrow British rule in India.
• The involvement of youth, women workers, peasants, and government officials reached unprecedented levels.
• The movement firmly placed the demand for independence at the forefront of the national agenda, and following the Quit India movement, there was no room for retreat.
• The establishment of parallel governance structures highlighted the weakening of the British loyalist base and their diminishing control over the administration.
• The movement successfully infiltrated nationalist sentiments within the Indian Civil Service (ICS), the backbone of the British administration. Many Indians in the prestigious ICS resigned from their positions, driven by the wave of nationalism, and actively participated in the movement.
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Pointers:
The various factors that led to the Quit India Movement were:
• The Cripps Mission's failure to resolve the constitutional deadlock revealed Britain's persistent reluctance to embrace constitutional progress.
• The escalating prices and scarcity of essential commodities fueled widespread public discontent.
• Reports of British defeats in South-East Asia and the imminent collapse of British forces further emboldened people to express their discontent.
• The abrupt departure of the British from South-East Asia, leaving the local population to fend for themselves, and the decisive victory of an Asian power shattered the notion of white superiority.
• The leadership aimed to prepare the masses for a potential Japanese invasion.
Significance of the Quit India Movement
• A remarkable display of mass participation unfolded, even in the absence of centralized leadership, indicating the widespread determination of the masses to overthrow British rule in India.
• The involvement of youth, women workers, peasants, and government officials reached unprecedented levels.
• The movement firmly placed the demand for independence at the forefront of the national agenda, and following the Quit India movement, there was no room for retreat.
• The establishment of parallel governance structures highlighted the weakening of the British loyalist base and their diminishing control over the administration.
• The movement successfully infiltrated nationalist sentiments within the Indian Civil Service (ICS), the backbone of the British administration. Many Indians in the prestigious ICS resigned from their positions, driven by the wave of nationalism, and actively participated in the movement.
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Q.109. Partition of India in 1947 was attributed to the culmination of communal politics that began to develop in the early decades of the twentieth century?
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Q.109
Pointers:
• The 1905 partition of Bengal by the British, although done for administrative reasons, had communal implications as it resulted in a division along religious lines. This decision further exacerbated Hindu-Muslim tensions and sparked protests and conflicts.
• The idea of separate electorates was eventually granted through the Government of India Act of 1909, which further institutionalized religious divisions in the political sphere.
• During 1920s and 30s communal tensions grew around a number of issues. Muslims were angered by music before mosques, cow protection movement and efforts of Arya Samaj to bring back others to Hindu fold (shuddhi). On the other hand, Hindus were angered by rapid spread of Tabligh (propaganda) and Tanzim (organisation) after 1923.
• In the provincial elections held in 1937, when Muslim league performed badly, it decided to resort to extreme communalism. In order to counter the propaganda, Hindu organisations such as Hindu Mahasabha and RSS also advocated for militant communal nationalism.
• Ultimately, the demand for a separate Muslim-majority state, led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah and the Muslim League, emerged as a consequence of the communal politics that had been evolving for decades. Jinnah's two-nation theory posited that Hindus and Muslims were distinct nations and could not coexist within a unified India. This demand resulted in the partition of India in 1947, leading to the creation of Pakistan.
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Pointers:
• The 1905 partition of Bengal by the British, although done for administrative reasons, had communal implications as it resulted in a division along religious lines. This decision further exacerbated Hindu-Muslim tensions and sparked protests and conflicts.
• The idea of separate electorates was eventually granted through the Government of India Act of 1909, which further institutionalized religious divisions in the political sphere.
• During 1920s and 30s communal tensions grew around a number of issues. Muslims were angered by music before mosques, cow protection movement and efforts of Arya Samaj to bring back others to Hindu fold (shuddhi). On the other hand, Hindus were angered by rapid spread of Tabligh (propaganda) and Tanzim (organisation) after 1923.
• In the provincial elections held in 1937, when Muslim league performed badly, it decided to resort to extreme communalism. In order to counter the propaganda, Hindu organisations such as Hindu Mahasabha and RSS also advocated for militant communal nationalism.
• Ultimately, the demand for a separate Muslim-majority state, led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah and the Muslim League, emerged as a consequence of the communal politics that had been evolving for decades. Jinnah's two-nation theory posited that Hindus and Muslims were distinct nations and could not coexist within a unified India. This demand resulted in the partition of India in 1947, leading to the creation of Pakistan.
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110. Discuss the significance of epigraphy as a valuable source for understanding ancient Indian history.
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