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Q.97. What were the significant concerns regarding women during the 19th-century social reform movement in modern India? 10 Marks

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๐—š๐—ฆ ๐—›๐—ถ๐˜€๐˜๐—ผ๐—ฟ๐˜† ๐—–๐—ฟ๐—ฎ๐˜€๐—ต ๐—–๐—ผ๐˜‚๐—ฟ๐˜€๐—ฒ ๐—ณ๐—ผ๐—ฟ ๐— ๐—ฎ๐—ถ๐—ป๐˜€ ๐—˜๐˜…๐—ฎ๐—บ๐—ถ๐—ป๐—ฎ๐˜๐—ถ๐—ผ๐—ป ๐Ÿฎ๐Ÿฌ๐Ÿฎ๐Ÿฏ.
It's a ๐Ÿฏ ๐—ช๐—ฒ๐—ฒ๐—ธ๐˜€ ๐—ฃ๐—ฟ๐—ผ๐—ด๐—ฟ๐—ฎ๐—บ designed in ๐Ÿฏ ๐—บ๐—ผ๐—ฑ๐˜‚๐—น๐—ฒ๐˜€.

โ–ช๏ธModule 1 - Thematic Coverage of ๐—–๐˜‚๐—น๐˜๐˜‚๐—ฟ๐—ฒ.
โ–ช๏ธModule 2 - Thematic Coverage of ๐— ๐—ผ๐—ฑ๐—ฒ๐—ฟ๐—ป ๐—œ๐—ป๐—ฑ๐—ถ๐—ฎ.
โ–ช๏ธModule 3 - Thematic Coverage of ๐—ช๐—ผ๐—ฟ๐—น๐—ฑ ๐—›๐—ถ๐˜€๐˜๐—ผ๐—ฟ๐˜†.

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The program also includes ๐—œ๐—ป-๐—–๐—น๐—ฎ๐˜€๐˜€ ๐—”๐—ป๐˜€๐˜„๐—ฒ๐—ฟ ๐—ช๐—ฟ๐—ถ๐˜๐—ถ๐—ป๐—ด ๐—ฎ๐—ป๐—ฑ ๐Ÿญ ๐—™๐˜‚๐—น๐—น ๐—Ÿ๐—ฒ๐—ป๐—ด๐˜๐—ต ๐—ฃ๐—ฟ๐—ฎ๐—ฐ๐˜๐—ถ๐—ฐ๐—ฒ ๐—ง๐—ฒ๐˜€๐˜. The test will be evaluated with ๐—ฑ๐—ฒ๐˜๐—ฎ๐—ถ๐—น๐—ฒ๐—ฑ ๐—ณ๐—ฒ๐—ฒ๐—ฑ๐—ฏ๐—ฎ๐—ฐ๐—ธ.

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Q.97
Pointers:

โ€ข Lack of access to education and limited opportunities for women's intellectual and professional development.
โ€ข Restrictions on women's mobility and limited participation in public life.
โ€ข Prevalence of child marriage and early widowhood, resulting in limited agency and autonomy for women.
โ€ข Social stigmas and ostracization faced by widows, leading to their marginalization and neglect.
โ€ข Inequality in property rights, with women often being denied inheritance and ownership rights.
โ€ข Lack of healthcare facilities and limited awareness about women's health issues.
โ€ข Absence of legal protections against domestic violence and other forms of abuse.
โ€ข Inadequate representation of women in decision-making bodies and exclusion from political processes.
โ€ข Perpetuation of patriarchal norms and gender-based discrimination within society.
โ€ข Limited opportunities for women's economic empowerment and financial independence.

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Q98. What were the impacts of peasant movements of 20th century over national freedom struggle. 10 Marks

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Q 98.
Pointers:

Starting from the Champaran Satyagraha and Kheda Satyagraha link between national leaders and peasantโ€™s plight was set up. Both incidents led to awakening of peasants for their rights and widened
the base for national movements.

After the Home Rule League, the activists organized the Kisan Sabha in United Provinces and Bihar.

These movements impacted national movement as well in following ways:

โ€ข The peasants took part in the Non-Cooperation movements and led the boycott of foreign goods, courts, cloth when called upon to do so. Their participation made Congress a true representative of peasants.
โ€ข During the Bardoli Satyagraha, the peasants called Patel to lead the movement. During the movement Gandhiji also reached Bardoli to support the peasantsโ€™ cause. K M Munshi and Lalji Narainji resigned from Bombay Legislative Council to support the movement. The no-rent, no-revenue campaign influenced the peasants and the peasant movements further deepened the freedom struggle.
โ€ข The peasants were active during the Quit India movement as well. The Quit India Resolution of 1942 had specific direction for peasants. Peasants actively participated in the movement and had a huge impact on undermining the colonial authority in the villages.
โ€ข Nationalist movements not only made them aware of their rights but also made them realize that the real fight is with the colonial masters and not zamindars.

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Q.99 Aftermath of revolt of 1857 many important changes in the system of administration and the policy of government took place. What were the impacts of these changes on Indian society? 15 Marks

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Q. 99
Pointers:


Changes in the system of administration and policy of the government, in the aftermath of revolt of 1857:

โ€ข Shift of power: The transfer of power from the East India Company to the British crown centralized control over India under the Secretary of State and Viceroy.
โ€ข Provincial autonomy: The India Council Act of 1861 restored legislative powers to provinces, initiating a process of devolution in finance and administration.
โ€ข Decentralization: Resolutions by Lord Mayo in 1870 and Lord Ripon in 1882 aimed to decentralize power through the establishment of local bodies.
โ€ข Military discrimination: The army favored the European branch, limiting Indian presence in important and strategic roles.
โ€ข Civil service exclusivity: Entry into the civil service became more difficult for Indians, leading to limited Indian representation.
โ€ข Princely states policy: Annexation policies were abandoned, and princely states were cultivated as a buffer against future unrest.
โ€ข Administrative policies: Divide and rule tactics, hostility towards educated Indians, alliances with zamindars, and withdrawal of support for social reforms were implemented.

Impact of these changes on Indian society:

โ€ข The transfer of power to the British crown led to increased centralization of control over India, diminishing local autonomy and decision-making power.
โ€ข Discrimination in the military favored European personnel, restricting Indians from important and strategic roles, which reinforced a sense of inferiority and marginalization.
โ€ข Administrative policies, such as the alliance with zamindars (landlords), had negative effects on peasants and agricultural workers, exacerbating existing socio-economic inequalities.
โ€ข The "divide and rule" policy employed by the British sowed divisions among different religious and ethnic groups, contributing to communal tensions and conflicts.
โ€ข The establishment of local bodies aimed at decentralization had some positive impacts by empowering local communities and facilitating grassroots participation in governance.
โ€ข The withdrawal of British support for social reforms hindered progress in areas such as education, women's rights, and caste discrimination, slowing down societal advancements.

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Q.100 Examine the role of moderates in preparing the ground for broader freedom movement. 10 Marks
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Q.100

Pointers:
Role of moderates

โ€ข The moderate leaders played a significant role in driving progress and societal change.
โ€ข They successfully fostered a broad sense of national identity among Indians, uniting people with shared interests and the recognition of a common adversary.
โ€ข Their efforts involved educating the masses about political matters and popularizing modern ideologies.
โ€ข By revealing the fundamentally exploitative nature of colonial rule, they effectively eroded its moral legitimacy.
โ€ข The moderates' political approach was grounded in practical realities rather than superficial sentiments or religious considerations.
โ€ข Their advocacy laid the foundation for the crucial principle that India should be governed in the best interests of its own people.
โ€ข Their endeavors provided a strong platform for the subsequent emergence of a more dynamic, militant, and grassroots-driven national movement.

The moderate leaders had certain limitations that hindered their effectiveness in the national movement:

โ€ข They lacked an understanding of the true nature of British rule, which limited their ability to formulate comprehensive strategies.
โ€ข The moderate phase of the national movement had limited support from the broader population, and the masses generally played a passive role.
โ€ข Moderates refrained from adopting militant political positions against the authorities, setting them apart from later nationalists who embraced a more confrontational approach.
โ€ข Their reliance on peaceful methods such as prayers, petitions, and protests proved to be ineffective in bringing about substantial change.
โ€ข The partition of Bengal was imposed against the will and aspirations of the people, highlighting the moderate leaders' inability to prevent such divisive actions.

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Q.101 Analyze the strategies employed by the extremists and the significance of their ideology in shaping the anti-colonial struggle in India. 15 Marks

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Q.101.
Pointers:

Strategies employed by the extremists

โ€ข Swadeshi Movement: The extremists, led by figures like Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Bipin Chandra Pal, advocated for the Swadeshi movement, which aimed at boycotting British goods and promoting indigenous industries. This strategy sought to undermine British economic dominance and foster self-reliance among Indians.
โ€ข Mass Mobilization: Extremists believed in the power of mass mobilization to challenge British rule. They organized large-scale public meetings, processions, and demonstrations to create awareness and build unity among the Indian masses. These events played a crucial role in galvanizing public support for the anti-colonial struggle.
โ€ข Nationalistic Education: The extremists emphasized the importance of nationalistic education to cultivate a sense of pride in Indian culture and heritage. They established educational institutions like the Deccan Education Society and the National Council of Education to promote Indian values and instill a sense of self-confidence among the youth.
โ€ข Press and Propaganda: The extremists effectively utilized newspapers and pamphlets to spread their message and expose the atrocities committed by the British. Tilak's newspapers, Kesari and Maratha, played a pivotal role in awakening the national consciousness and inspiring people to join the movement.
โ€ข Militant Nationalism: Extremists advocated a more aggressive approach to the freedom struggle, emphasizing the need for militant nationalism. They believed in direct action and were not averse to the use of force if necessary. Tilak's call for "Swaraj is my birthright" reflected this militant spirit.

Significance:

โ€ข The ideology of the extremists had a significant impact on the growth of nationalism in India.
โ€ข By promoting self-reliance, cultural pride, and mass mobilization, they instilled a sense of unity and collective identity among Indians.
โ€ข Their efforts laid the foundation for the broader national movement that emerged later under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi.

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๐—š๐—ฆ ๐—›๐—ถ๐˜€๐˜๐—ผ๐—ฟ๐˜† ๐—–๐—ฟ๐—ฎ๐˜€๐—ต ๐—–๐—ผ๐˜‚๐—ฟ๐˜€๐—ฒ ๐—ณ๐—ผ๐—ฟ ๐— ๐—ฎ๐—ถ๐—ป๐˜€ ๐—˜๐˜…๐—ฎ๐—บ๐—ถ๐—ป๐—ฎ๐˜๐—ถ๐—ผ๐—ป ๐Ÿฎ๐Ÿฌ๐Ÿฎ๐Ÿฏ.
It's a ๐Ÿฏ ๐—ช๐—ฒ๐—ฒ๐—ธ๐˜€ ๐—ฃ๐—ฟ๐—ผ๐—ด๐—ฟ๐—ฎ๐—บ designed in ๐Ÿฏ ๐—บ๐—ผ๐—ฑ๐˜‚๐—น๐—ฒ๐˜€.

โ–ช๏ธModule 1 - Thematic Coverage of ๐—–๐˜‚๐—น๐˜๐˜‚๐—ฟ๐—ฒ.
โ–ช๏ธModule 2 - Thematic Coverage of ๐— ๐—ผ๐—ฑ๐—ฒ๐—ฟ๐—ป ๐—œ๐—ป๐—ฑ๐—ถ๐—ฎ.
โ–ช๏ธModule 3 - Thematic Coverage of ๐—ช๐—ผ๐—ฟ๐—น๐—ฑ ๐—›๐—ถ๐˜€๐˜๐—ผ๐—ฟ๐˜†.

For more details, visit: https://bit.ly/GS-HistoryCrashCourse-Mains

The program also includes ๐—œ๐—ป-๐—–๐—น๐—ฎ๐˜€๐˜€ ๐—”๐—ป๐˜€๐˜„๐—ฒ๐—ฟ ๐—ช๐—ฟ๐—ถ๐˜๐—ถ๐—ป๐—ด ๐—ฎ๐—ป๐—ฑ ๐Ÿญ ๐—™๐˜‚๐—น๐—น ๐—Ÿ๐—ฒ๐—ป๐—ด๐˜๐—ต ๐—ฃ๐—ฟ๐—ฎ๐—ฐ๐˜๐—ถ๐—ฐ๐—ฒ ๐—ง๐—ฒ๐˜€๐˜. The test will be evaluated with ๐—ฑ๐—ฒ๐˜๐—ฎ๐—ถ๐—น๐—ฒ๐—ฑ ๐—ณ๐—ฒ๐—ฒ๐—ฑ๐—ฏ๐—ฎ๐—ฐ๐—ธ.

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Q.102 Discuss the role of Gopal Krishna Gokhale in promoting socio-economic reforms and his influence on subsequent leaders.
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Q.102.

Pointers:

โ€ข Gopal Krishna Gokhale was a prominent Indian leader who played a pivotal role in advocating socio-economic reforms during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
โ€ข He emphasized the importance of education and worked towards improving educational opportunities for all sections of society. He established the Deccan Education Society to provide quality education to the masses.
โ€ข Gokhale founded the Servants of India Society, an organization dedicated to promoting social welfare and political reforms. This organization worked towards uplifting marginalized communities and addressing social issues.
โ€ข He mentored and influenced several future leaders, including Mahatma Gandhi, who considered Gokhale as his political guru. Gandhi imbibed Gokhale's ideas of non-violence, truth, and moral values, which guided his approach towards India's independence movement.
โ€ข Gokhale's emphasis on political representation and participation of Indians in governance inspired subsequent leaders. B.R. Ambedkar, the architect of India's Constitution and a champion of social justice, was influenced by Gokhale's ideas of equality and social reform.
โ€ข Gokhale worked towards addressing social evils and injustices. He advocated against child marriage and campaigned for women's rights. His efforts laid the groundwork for subsequent movements and leaders fighting for women's empowerment and gender equality in India.
โ€ข Gokhale's advocacy for economic development included promoting industrialization, land reforms, and agricultural improvements. His ideas influenced leaders like Jawaharlal Nehru, who adopted a socialist approach to economic development after India gained independence.
โ€ข His commitment to social equality and justice set the stage for future social reform movements in India. Leaders like Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia and J.P. Narayan carried forward Gokhale's ideals of social justice, striving for a more equitable society.
โ€ข Gokhale's principles and ideas continue to inspire leaders and social reformers in India, as his contributions had a profound and lasting impact on shaping the socio-economic and political landscape of the country.

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Q.103. Examine the impact of significant global occurrences on the growth of militant nationalism in India.

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2025/07/07 21:00:44
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