Arduino Mega (R3) Board

The Arduino Mega is similar to the UNO’s big brother. It includes lots of digital I/O pins (from that, 14-pins can be used as PWM o/ps), 6-analog inputs, a reset button, a pow

Arduino Mega (by

The Arduino Mega is similar to the UNO’s big brother. It includes lots of digital I/O pins (from that, 14-pins can be used as PWM o/ps), 6-analog inputs, a reset button, a power jack, a USB connection, and a reset button. It includes everything required to hold up the microcontroller; simply attach it to a PC with the help of a USB cable and give the supply to get started with an AC-to-DC adapter or battery. The huge number of pins make this Arduino board very helpful for designing projects that need a bunch of digital i be/ps or o/ps like lots of buttons. Please refer to this link to know more about Arduino Mega (R3) Board

Arduino Robot

This kind of board is the first Arduino over wheels. This Arduino robot includes two processors on each of its boards. The two boards are the motor board and control board where the motor board controls the motors & the control board is used to read the sensors for operating. Every board is a complete Arduino board and its programming can be done through the Arduino IDE. These are microcontroller boards that depend on the ATmega32u4.

The pins of this Robot are mapped to actuators and sensors onboard.  The process of programming the robot is the same as the Arduino Leonardo board. It is also named a small computer and it is extensively used in robotics. This board includes the speaker, color screen, buttons-5, motors-2, a digital compass, an SD card reader, potentiometers-2 & floor sensors-5. The library of this robot can be used for controlling the sensors as well as the actuators

Arduino Esplora

The Arduino Esplora includes a small computer known as a microcontroller including a number of inputs & outputs. The inputs of this board are a light sensor, four buttons, a microphon

The programming of this board can be done using Arduino Software like IDE which takes the data from the inputs and controls the output like a keyboard or a mouse. As compared with all other types of Arduino boards, this esplora is totally different because the inputs, as well as outputs, are connected to the board already. So connecting the components like actuators or sensors is very simple. Thus, programming is somewhat different as compared with other types of Arduino boards. This esplora board includes its own library so that the data from the sensors & actuators are very easy to read and write.

Arduino Pro Mic

The Arduino Pro Micro board is the same as the Arduino Mini board apart from the ATmega32U4 Microcontroller. This pro mic board includes digital I/O pins-12, pulse width modulation (PWM) pins-5, serial connections of Tx & Rx &10-bit ADC.

Arduino Ethernet

The Arduino Ethernet board depends on the microcontroller like ATmega328. This kind of microcontroller board includes analog pins-5, digital I/O pins-14, RST button, an RJ45 connection, crystal oscillator, a power jack, ICSP header, etc. The connection of the Arduino board can be done through the Ethernet shield to the internet.

Arduino Zero

This is a powerful as well as simple 32-bit board and it provides the best platform for innovative projects like wearable technology, smart IoT devices, crazy robotics, high-tech automat

This board includes analog input pins-6, digital I/O pins-14, a power jack, AREF button, UART port pins, a USB connector & an In-Circuit Serial Programming (ICSP) header, a power header, etc.
This board is power-driven through the SAMD21 microcontroller based on Atmel. The main feature of this is EDBG (Embedded Debugger) based on Atmel and it provides a complete debug interface without using extra hardware.

Fastest Arduino Board

Designing one of the best Arduino development boards that are familiar with Arduino MEGA & UNO is the hifive1 board that includes a 320 MHz RISC-V microcontroller unit. This kind of fastest board has Cortex M-7 with a 400 MHz microcontroller unit.

Flash memory – upto 2Mbytes

RAM – 1 Mbyte

DMA controllers -4

Communication peripherals- Up to 35

16-bit Max Resolution with 3× ADCs

D/A converters with 2× 12-bit

Hardware with JPEG Codec

Timers -22 & Watchdogs – 200Mhz

HW Calendar & RTC with Sub-second Accuracy

Cryptographic Acceleration

Hifive1 Board Features

The features of the Hifive1 board include the following.

Mega Form Factor or Arduino Uno

Charger for Battery

SD Card including Detection of Card Feature

Ethernet*

Optional QSPI Flash – 133Mhz

Interfaces – CAN, SWD, Camera

USB- OTG

The Arduino Shields

Additionally, Arduino shields are pre-built circuit boards used to connect to a number of Arduino boards. These shields fit on the top of the Arduino compatible boards to provide

How to Select the Right Arduino Board?

There are different types of Arduino boards existing in the market today such as the FreeDuino & NetDuino. The best way to select the Arduino board is by checking and differentiating the trade names on the original boards. So getting low-cost Arduino boards is easy through online sites as well as electronic stores. These boards are available with different versions as well as specifications.

The programming of all the boards can be done with the Arduino IDE software that permits anyone to write as well as upload the code, but each board varies based on the inputs, outputs, speed, form factor, voltage, etc. The voltage required to operate these boards range from 3.7V to 5V.

Thus, this is all about different types of Arduino boards. We hope that you have got a better understanding of this concept. Furthermore, any queries regarding this concept or to implement an Arduino board based Projects, please give your valuable suggestions by commenting in the comment section below. Here is a question for you, what is the function of Arduino boards?

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What are types of transformer
REad THe BElow Article

So, what types of transformers are there?

Power Transformers

A power transformer transfers electricity between a generator and the distribution primary circuits. It gets a little bit confusing because many use the term ‘power transformer’ to encompass a bunch of transformers, rather than a specific design type. Likewise, some even refer to large transmission transformers as power transformers, to easily differentiate between distribution transformers.

Regardless of the exact definition, power transformers can have one of three jobs – step up generator output voltage to the transmission system voltage level, step down transmission voltages to safe levels for distribution, or step down voltage to the auxiliary power system level in a generating station.

Power transformers can also fall into one of two class – class I or class II. Very original naming system, I might add. Anyways, class I power transformers have high-voltage windings of 69 kV and below, while class II power transformers have high-voltage windings between 115 kV and 765 kV.

Just to make things a tad more complicated, you can also categorize these by size – small, medium, or large. Small power transformers fall under 69 kV, medium up to 230 kV, and large power transformers are between 138-765 kV.

Autotransformers

Now, let’s make things even more complicated. Autotransformers technically fall under the category of large power transformers, but these are generally used as transmission inter-tie transformers, which can be used in either step up or step down mode. What’s an inter-tie transformer? Great question. An inter-tie transformer helps connect AC networks of various voltages to each other, which is a really important feature in a power network.

Typically, your autotransformers are going to be the largest rated power transformer on your transmission system – operating with a pretty balanced and constant load. They’re also more economical than having separate winding power transformers, since there’s a physical connection between the series and the common winding. Basically, this means that the high voltage winding is made up of the series winding in series with the common winding, while the low voltage winding is the common winding.

Confused yet? Me too. But all you really need to know is that this takes up a third of the space of a conventional transformer of the same rating, which is a big plus.

Ideally, you don’t want your autotransformer to be any less than half the size of a conventional transformer though, since you need to account for the space that taps and tertiary windings take up. Any less than half of the size is not ideal for performance.  

There is one downside to autotransformers, though – low impedance. With a low impedance, the short circuit current of an autotransformer is way higher than a conventional transformer. To counteract this, autotransformers are usually designed with a higher than normal impedance, which just makes the actual size of the unit bigger, contradicting the positive we mentioned above. Ugh.

Generator Step-Up Transformers

Moving right along to GSUs or generator step-up transformers. Who doesn’t love a good acronym, right?

Anyways, GSUs (sometimes also called main or unit transformers) step up the voltage from a generator to the highest transmission voltage for a transmission grid. This definition is just a rearrangement of the phrase itself, literally breaking every rule of definition etiquette I’ve ever learned. Very helpful, but I guess I’ll let it slide.

Connected directly to the generator, GSUs are typically operated at a constant load close to their full rating. Since they’re constantly working at their rated temperature, they’re going to age much faster than other transformers. If you’ve read any of these blogs before, you’ll know that excessive heat is never a good thing. Unless you’re a cactus…

GSUs aren’t usually protected by a circuit breaker between the generator and transformer, so these can get hit pretty hard with fault current too (and for long periods of time), which can lead to huge ove

rvoltages. If a generator breaker is used, then a GSU can actually be used to power a grid’s auxiliary systems.

Are you sick of this transformer talk yet? Hang tight, we’re almost done.

Auxiliary Transformers

Auxiliary transformers supply power to a generating plant’s auxiliary loads (think feed pumps, coolant pumps, and safety devices that a power plant needs to run). There are a few different types of auxiliary transformers to keep track of, but fortunately, we have more acronyms to make our life easier.

A unit auxiliary transformers (UAT) is connected to the same bus as the generator, stepping down voltage to feed the auxiliary power system busses. Whenever the generator is running, the UAT is supplying the auxiliary load.

The reserve auxiliary transformer (RAT) or startup auxiliary transformer (SAT) are backup transformers which are connected to an offsite high voltage system – supplying the plant auxiliary power during startups or outage periods.

All auxiliary transformers are relatively critical to a plant’s safe operation, so you don’t want to see problems with these, or you may be facing a possible plant shut down. Not good.

Well, we’ve unfortunately run out of time today, but we still have a bunch of transformers to cover. So, make sure you come back next week to find out which ones we left out. You won’t regret it. In the meantime, check out this Guide to

A variety of types of electrical transformer are made for different purposes. Despite their design differences, the various types employ the same basic principle as discovered in 1831 by Michael Farad

In electronics, a choke is an inductor used to block higher-frequency while passing direct current (DC) and lower-frequencies of alternating current (AC) in an electrical circuit. A choke usually consists of a coil of insulated wire often wound on a magnetic core, although some consist of a doughnut-shaped "bead" of ferrite material strung on a wire. The choke's impedance increases with frequency. Its low electrical resistance passes both AC and DC with little power loss, but its reactance limits the amount of AC passed.



The name comes from blocking—"choking"—high frequencies while passing low frequencies. It is a functional name; the name "choke" is used if an inductor is used for blocking or decoupling higher frequencies, but the component is simply called an "inductor" if used in electronic filters or tuned circuits. Inductors designed for use as chokes are usually distinguished by not having the low-loss construction (high Q factor) required in inductors used in tuned circuits and filtering applications.

A choke with two 20 mH windings and rated to handle 2 amperes