🔆 Key Findings: Early Settlement in Kachchh

✅ Mangrove-based Life: Early settlers lived in mangrove areas, relying on shellfish (oysters, gastropods) for food.

✅ Stone Tools Evidence: Cutting and scraping tools suggest semi-permanent settlements.

✅ Pre-Harappan Linkages: Cultural ties found with Las Bela, Makran (Pakistan) and Oman Peninsula, indicating shared coastal survival strategies.

✅ Challenges Old View: Counters the belief that Kachchh urbanisation was only Harappan-driven; shows an indigenous development path.

📍 Dating Technique

✅ AMS Carbon-14 Dating: Shell remains were dated using Accelerator Mass Spectrometry.

✅ Tree-Ring Calibration: Used tree rings to correct for changing C-14 levels and build a reliable timeline.

🔆 Initiatives to Tackle Stubble Burning

📍 Technological & Policy Measures
✅ PUSA Decomposers: Recently, scientists have developed a bio-decomposer technique called ‘PUSA Decomposers’ for converting crop stubble into compost.
✅ Combine Harvester: Improvement should be made in the technology used in such machines so that minimal residue is left behind.
✅ Centralized Control Room: It must be set up to issue directions both for ensuring that appropriate technology to tackle this issue is within the reach of farmers and also ensure enforcement of non-compliance.

📍 Farmer-Centric Solutions
✅ Encourage And Incentivise The Farmers: To go for early paddy, so as to give them enough time to harvest and thereafter prepare their fields for the next Rabi crop.
✅ Sow alternate crops: Encourage farmers to sow alternate crops and shift them away in the long run from paddy to maize, fruits, vegetables, and cotton.

🔆 Distribution of Mineral Oil & Its Global Implications
(UPSC Mains GS1 – 2015 Topic Revisited)

📍 Uneven Global Distribution
✅ Major reserves in Middle East (Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Iran), North America (USA, Canada), Russia, Venezuela
✅ Significant offshore deposits in Arctic, North Sea, and West Africa

📍 Geopolitical Tensions
✅ Oil-rich nations wield strategic influence
✅ Oil-importing nations face energy security risks

📍 Economic Impact
✅ Drives industrialization and trade
✅ Prone to market volatility due to demand-supply mismatch

📍 Environmental Costs
✅ Extraction leads to pollution, habitat destruction, climate change
✅ Combustion worsens global warming

📍 Energy Transition & Future Outlook
✅ Renewables rising, but oil remains indispensable
✅ Emphasizes need for sustainable management & equitable resource policies

#GS1 #EnergySecurity

🔆 164th Birth Anniversary of Gurudev Rabindranath Tagore

📍 Why It Matters – 9 May 2025
✅ Marks the 164th birth anniversary of Rabindranath Tagore (1861–1941) — a towering figure in literature, art, and spiritual thought.
✅ Born in Jorasanko Thakur Bari, Kolkata, to Debendranath Tagore and Sarada Devi.

📍 A Global Literary Genius
✅ First non-European to win the Nobel Prize in Literature (1913) for Gitanjali.
✅ Published first poems at age 16 under the pen name ‘Bhanusimha’.

📍 Titles & Tributes
✅ Reverently known as ‘Gurudev’, ‘Kabiguru’, and ‘Biswakabi’.
✅ Advocated spiritual unity, addressed World Parliament of Religions in 1929 & 1937.

📍 Creative Legacy
✅ Major works: Gitanjali, Gora, Ghare-Baire, Manasi, Sonar Tori, Balaka.
✅ His song ‘Ekla Chalo Re’ became a national inspiration.
✅ Revolutionized Bengali music, art, and literature, fusing the spiritual with the political.

📘 Source: PIB | #GS1 #History

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🔆 India’s Disaster Risk Profile: Key Facts & Figures

📍 Latest indicators from official sources
✅ India’s Disaster Preparedness Score = 19.2
(Source: SDG India Index 2024)

✅ India would lose 6% of working hours due to heat stress (≈ 35 million full-time jobs)
(Source: ILO)

✅ Expected financial losses due to heat stress = $2.4 trillion globally by 2030
(Source: ILO)

✅ Nearly 90% of India lies in danger zone from heatwave impact
(Source: PLOS)

✅ Drought impact reduced India’s GDP by up to 5% in the last 20 years
(Source: UNCCD report)

✅ Drought-prone areas increased by 60% in last 25 years
(Source: NIDM)

✅ 40% of India’s land and 70% of cropped area is drought-prone, affecting >40% of population
(Source: NIDM)

✅ In 60 years, floods caused ₹4.5 trillion loss and >1 lakh deaths
(Source: Down to Earth)

✅ Over 12% of land prone to floods & river erosion
(Source: NDMA)

✅ 60% of India vulnerable to earthquakes where >80% of population lives
(Source: NDMA – Earthquake Disaster Risk Index Report)

✅ 75% of coastline & 1/3rd population vulnerable to cyclone-related disasters
(Source: IMD)

✅ India is exposed to 10% of world’s tropical cyclones
(Source: IMD)

#GS3 #DisasterManagement #Data
#Disaster_management
#GS3
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