Classical Realism : A theoretical perspective which offers an explanation of International Relations based upon assumptions concerning human nature. Classical realists adopt a pessimistic view of human behaviour and the primordial forces that shape us. Classical realism gained in popularity during the post-Second World War era, but has been eclipsed by the emergence of Structural (Neo) Realism.

Neighborhood First Policy : India’s ‘Neighbourhood First policy’ guides its approach towards the management of relations with countries in its immediate neighbourhood, that is, Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Maldives, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. The Neighbourhood First policy, inter alia, is aimed at enhancing physical, digital and people to people connectivity across the region, as well as augmenting trade and commerce.

#IR
#mains

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🔆Indra Sawhney vs. Union of India 1992

✅The case addressed the validity and extent of reservations for backward classes in government jobs and services.
✅The Court upheld 27% reservation for backward classes, set a 50% cap on total reservations, and ruled that promotions cannot be reserved.
✅Affirmed the limits on reservations and the importance of maintaining administrative efficiency.

#polity
#mains

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EAC-PM
(various positions)
Good plan B for CSE Aspirants

Lijiye sab kuch de diya ab toh😅

“The Revised Syllabus of Paper-I, Part-B ‘Professional Skill’ of Forthcoming CISF AC (Exe) LDCE-2025

MEHRGARH

✅ It is a neolithic site dated 7000-2000 BC situated on the Kacchi plains in Baluchistan, Pakistan near the Bolan Pass, one of the most important routes into Iran.
✅ One of the earliest sites to show evidence of farming and herding in South Asia.
✅ Mehrgarh was one of places where people learnt to grow barley and wheat and rear sheep and goats for the first time in the subcontinent.
✅ At this site, animal bones were found. Bones of wild animals such as deer and pig and bones of sheep and goat were found.
✅ It is one of the earliest villages that we know about.
✅ Houses: Square or rectangular houses are found here. Each house had four or more compartments, some of which may have been used for storage.
✅ Burial: Several burial sites have been found at Mehrgarh. In one instance, dead person was buried with goats, which were probably meant to serve as food in next world (belief in afterlife)

#art_and_culture
#prelims

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🔆Flying Rivers

✅The warming of the Indian Ocean is giving rise to flying or atmospheric rivers which are causing devastating floods in India.

✅Flying Rivers are the storms that travel as huge, invisible ribbons of water vapor and dump heavy rains.
✅An average atmospheric river is about 2,000 km long, 500 km wide and nearly 3 km deep.
✅These “rivers in the sky” carry some 90% of the total water vapor that moves across the Earth’s mid-latitudes.
✅The water vapor forms a band or a column in the lower part of the atmosphere which moves from the tropics to the cooler latitudes and comes down as rain or snow, devastating enough to cause floods or deadly avalanches.
✅As the earth warms up faster, scientists say these atmospheric rivers have become longer, wider and more intense, putting hundreds of millions of people worldwide at risk from flooding.

#geography

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🔆AI is impacting cybersecurity in several ways:
✅ Increased Phishing Attacks: Phishing emails surged by 1,265%, and credential theft rose by
967% since late 2022 due to AI.
✅Voice Cloning for Fraud: Hackers imitated a mother’s daughter’s voice to extort money, highlighting the risks of AI-based scams.
✅ Enhanced Hacking Sophistication: AI helps hackers translate code, identify vulnerabilities, and amplify attacks.
✅ Rising Attacks on Organizations: 75% of professionals reported more cyberattacks last year, while 85% linked the trend to AI.
✅ Privacy Erosion: Voice-activated toys and biometric systems threaten individual privacy.
✅ Cybercrime: According to data from CERT-IN, cybercrimes in India have witnessed a 572% increase In the last 3 Years.

#security
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🔆Ahmedabad, India – Pioneering a Comprehensive Heat :
✅Action Plan Ahmedabad, experienced a severe heatwave in 2010, which led to hundreds of deaths. This prompted the development of South Asia's first comprehensive Heat Action Plan (HAP) in 2013, a pioneering step that has since been considered a global model for heatwave preparedness.

Innovative Steps Taken:

✅ Early Warning System and Public Awareness: The plan included an early warning system for upcoming heatwaves, disseminating alerts via media, text messages, and public announcements.
✅Heat-Resistant Infrastructure: Efforts were made to modify urban infrastructure, such as painting roofs white to reflect sunlight and reduce indoor temperatures.
✅ Cooling Spaces: Public spaces like temples, public buildings, and malls were designated as cooling centres, providing relief during peak heat hours.
✅ Healthcare System Preparedness: The city's healthcare facilities were equipped and trained
to deal with heat-related illnesses, including setting up special wards and training medical staff.
✅ Capacity Building and Training: Training programs for health professionals, emergency responders, and community leaders were implemented to build capacity in dealing with heat waves.
✅ Water Management: Ensuring water availability, particularly in slum areas, was prioritized to prevent dehydration and heat strokes.
✅ Impact and Global Recognition: The HAP led to a significant reduction in heat-related deaths.

The success of the Ahmedabad model prompted its adaptation in over 30 other cities across India.
Recognized globally, the Ahmedabad HAP has been highlighted by international organizations like the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) as an effective strategy for combating heat waves.

#Disaster_management
#case_study
#GS3

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Household Saving Rate :
The Household Saving Rate refers to the percentage of disposable income that households save instead of spending on consumption. It is a key economic indicator that reflects the propensity of households to save for the future.
Household savings consist of three main parts:
✅ Financial assets: This includes cash, bank deposits, retirement funds, insurance policies,
stocks, and other investments.
✅ Physical assets: These are investments in tangible assets like real estate, land, and property.
✅ Gold and silver ornaments: Savings in the form of precious metals like gold and silver jewellery or bullion.