Madhav Gadgil Committee, 2010: Steps to preserve the ecologically frail Western Ghats
✅ Classification: This report classified the extensive region of 64% of the Western Ghats, spanning over six States, 44 districts and 142 taluks, into Ecologically Sensitive Zones, called Eco Sensitive Zone (ESZ) i.e ESZ1,ESZ2 and ESZ3.
✅ Biodiversity Hotspot: Recognised by UNESCO as one of the world’s eight most important Biodiversity Hotspots, Western Ghats contains more than 30 percent of all species of plant, fish, reptile, amphibian, bird and mammal found in the whole country.
✅ Developmental Restrictions: ESZ-1 of the Ghats was given high priority and almost all developmental activities like mining, construction of thermal power plants, dams etc were suggested to stop along with the decommissioning of similar projects that have completed their shelf life.
✅ Protection Measures: The panel suggested the need to desist from creating new hill stations, changing the land use from farmland to non-farm land and the stoppage of diversions of rivers in order to protect the ecology of the region.
✅ Classification: This report classified the extensive region of 64% of the Western Ghats, spanning over six States, 44 districts and 142 taluks, into Ecologically Sensitive Zones, called Eco Sensitive Zone (ESZ) i.e ESZ1,ESZ2 and ESZ3.
✅ Biodiversity Hotspot: Recognised by UNESCO as one of the world’s eight most important Biodiversity Hotspots, Western Ghats contains more than 30 percent of all species of plant, fish, reptile, amphibian, bird and mammal found in the whole country.
✅ Developmental Restrictions: ESZ-1 of the Ghats was given high priority and almost all developmental activities like mining, construction of thermal power plants, dams etc were suggested to stop along with the decommissioning of similar projects that have completed their shelf life.
✅ Protection Measures: The panel suggested the need to desist from creating new hill stations, changing the land use from farmland to non-farm land and the stoppage of diversions of rivers in order to protect the ecology of the region.
🔆Chandrashekhar Azad:
✅He was a great Indian freedom fighter.
✅Born Chandra Shekhar Tiwari on July 23, 1906, in the small village of Bhavra in Madhya Pradesh, Azad was a beacon of revolutionary fervor from a very young age.
✅His resolve to fight for India’s independence was ignited early, and by the age of 15, he had already joined the Non-Cooperation Movement initiated by Mahatma Gandhi.
✅Azad was disappointed by Gandhi’s suspension of the noncooperation movement in February 1922, after several policemen had been murdered by a revolutionary mob at Chauri Chaura.
✅He became an active member of the Hindustan Republican Association (HRA), an organization dedicated to overthrowing British rule through revolutionary means.
✅By 1928, he had played a crucial role in transforming the HRA into the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA), which aimed to establish a socialist republic in India.
✅He worked closely with other notable revolutionaries, including the legendary Bhagat Singh.
✅Together, they sought to challenge and dismantle the oppressive colonial regime.
✅Azad’s leadership and strategic acumen were instrumental in several significant revolutionary activities.
✅He played key a role in the Kakori Train Robbery (1926), the attempt to blow up the Viceroy's train (1926), and the shooting of Saunders at Lahore (1928) to avenge the killing of Lala Lajpat Rai.
✅He was known for his unwavering resolve and extraordinary bravery. He lived a life on the run, constantly evading capture by the British police, and became a symbol of resistance for the youth of India.
✅In January 1931, during a fierce encounter with the British police in Alfred Park, Allahabad, Azad fought valiantly but was eventually cornered. Faced with the prospect of capture, Azad chose to end his life on his own terms, declaring that he would never be captured alive.
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✅He was a great Indian freedom fighter.
✅Born Chandra Shekhar Tiwari on July 23, 1906, in the small village of Bhavra in Madhya Pradesh, Azad was a beacon of revolutionary fervor from a very young age.
✅His resolve to fight for India’s independence was ignited early, and by the age of 15, he had already joined the Non-Cooperation Movement initiated by Mahatma Gandhi.
✅Azad was disappointed by Gandhi’s suspension of the noncooperation movement in February 1922, after several policemen had been murdered by a revolutionary mob at Chauri Chaura.
✅He became an active member of the Hindustan Republican Association (HRA), an organization dedicated to overthrowing British rule through revolutionary means.
✅By 1928, he had played a crucial role in transforming the HRA into the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA), which aimed to establish a socialist republic in India.
✅He worked closely with other notable revolutionaries, including the legendary Bhagat Singh.
✅Together, they sought to challenge and dismantle the oppressive colonial regime.
✅Azad’s leadership and strategic acumen were instrumental in several significant revolutionary activities.
✅He played key a role in the Kakori Train Robbery (1926), the attempt to blow up the Viceroy's train (1926), and the shooting of Saunders at Lahore (1928) to avenge the killing of Lala Lajpat Rai.
✅He was known for his unwavering resolve and extraordinary bravery. He lived a life on the run, constantly evading capture by the British police, and became a symbol of resistance for the youth of India.
✅In January 1931, during a fierce encounter with the British police in Alfred Park, Allahabad, Azad fought valiantly but was eventually cornered. Faced with the prospect of capture, Azad chose to end his life on his own terms, declaring that he would never be captured alive.
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Forwarded from UPSC previous year paper ( PYQ ) PDF
CAPF 2024.pdf
11.6 MB
UN Rao Vs Indira Gandhi (1971): Even after Lok Sabha Dissolution, CoM continues in caretaker format.
President will continue to work under aid and advice of the CoM.
✅Choosing party in hung parliament
✅ Dissolution of Lok Sabha (After the passage of No Confidence Motion)
✅ Not bound by CoM advice without Lok Sabha Majority
✅ In Exercising Suspensive Veto
✅ In returning advice once
✅ In Seeking information under Article 78.
✅ Disqualification of MPs - Advice of Election Commission
#polity
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President will continue to work under aid and advice of the CoM.
✅Choosing party in hung parliament
✅ Dissolution of Lok Sabha (After the passage of No Confidence Motion)
✅ Not bound by CoM advice without Lok Sabha Majority
✅ In Exercising Suspensive Veto
✅ In returning advice once
✅ In Seeking information under Article 78.
✅ Disqualification of MPs - Advice of Election Commission
#polity
#mains
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🔆Preamble can be amended
✅Berubari Union Case (1960): The Supreme Court (SC) ruled that the Preamble cannot be considered as a part of the Constitution and therefore cannot be amended.
✅ Kesavananda Bharati Case (1973): SC clarified that the Preamble is indeed a part of the Constitution and can be amended, as long as it does not violate the basic structure of the Constitution.
✅ Union Government Vs LIC of India Case (1995): SC reaffirmed that the Preamble is an integral part of the Constitution, but its provisions are not directly enforceable in court.
✅Private member Bill in 2021: Former Minister KJ Alphons introduced a bill in Rajya Sabha to amend the Indian Constitution's preamble, seeking to replace "socialist" with "equitable" and make other changes.
The bill aims to promote a more inclusive and fair society.
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✅Berubari Union Case (1960): The Supreme Court (SC) ruled that the Preamble cannot be considered as a part of the Constitution and therefore cannot be amended.
✅ Kesavananda Bharati Case (1973): SC clarified that the Preamble is indeed a part of the Constitution and can be amended, as long as it does not violate the basic structure of the Constitution.
✅ Union Government Vs LIC of India Case (1995): SC reaffirmed that the Preamble is an integral part of the Constitution, but its provisions are not directly enforceable in court.
✅Private member Bill in 2021: Former Minister KJ Alphons introduced a bill in Rajya Sabha to amend the Indian Constitution's preamble, seeking to replace "socialist" with "equitable" and make other changes.
The bill aims to promote a more inclusive and fair society.
#polity
#mains
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@upsc_polity_Governance
#Goodmorning
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⏳ 46 days for CSM24 [ 20-09-24]
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🔆Crimes Against Women :
NCRB 2022:
✅ 4% increase in crimes against women from 2021.
✅ Domestic violence/cruelty by Husband and Relatives: 31.4%
✅ Dowry deaths: 6450 deaths - Decreased by 4.5%
✅ Rape: 7.1% of the committed crimes against women
✅ Sexual Harassment at workplace: 31% of firms are not compliant with Prevention of Sexual Harassment at workplace Act.
✅ Shadow Pandemic: Term used by UN women for increased violence against women during COVID lockdown
✅ Female infanticide: At least 9 million girls are ‘missing’ in India between 2000-2019 as a result of female infanticide (Pew Research)
Schemes
✅Mission Shakti: Sabla and Smarthya sub schemes
✅ Swadhar Greh
✅ Working Women Hostel
✅ One Stop centre
✅ Women Helpline
✅ Mahila Police Volunteers Schemes
✅ Nirbhaya Fund
✅ Stree Manoraksha
✅ Sakhi
#gs1
#society
#mains
#socialjustice
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NCRB 2022:
✅ 4% increase in crimes against women from 2021.
✅ Domestic violence/cruelty by Husband and Relatives: 31.4%
✅ Dowry deaths: 6450 deaths - Decreased by 4.5%
✅ Rape: 7.1% of the committed crimes against women
✅ Sexual Harassment at workplace: 31% of firms are not compliant with Prevention of Sexual Harassment at workplace Act.
✅ Shadow Pandemic: Term used by UN women for increased violence against women during COVID lockdown
✅ Female infanticide: At least 9 million girls are ‘missing’ in India between 2000-2019 as a result of female infanticide (Pew Research)
Schemes
✅Mission Shakti: Sabla and Smarthya sub schemes
✅ Swadhar Greh
✅ Working Women Hostel
✅ One Stop centre
✅ Women Helpline
✅ Mahila Police Volunteers Schemes
✅ Nirbhaya Fund
✅ Stree Manoraksha
✅ Sakhi
#gs1
#society
#mains
#socialjustice
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🔆Cloudbursts
✅A cloudburst is a localised but intense rainfall activity.
✅Not all instances of very heavy rainfall, however, are cloudbursts. A cloudburst has a very specific definition: Rainfall of 10 cm or more in an hour over a roughly 10 km x 10-km area is classified as a cloudburst event. By this definition, 5 cm of rainfall in a half- hour period over the same area would also be categorized as a cloudburst.
Causes
✅ Orographic Lift: Cloudbursts frequently occur in mountainous regions where moist air is forced to rise over a mountain, cooling and condensing rapidly.
✅ Convective Clouds: They can also result from convective clouds, such as cumulonimbus clouds, which can extend up to 15 kilometers (9.3 miles) above the ground.
✅Sudden Condensation: When warm air mixes with cooler air, it can lead to rapid condensation and precipitation.
Effects
✅Flooding: The intense rainfall can lead to flash floods, causing significant damage to infrastructure and posing risks to life.
✅Disasters: Cloudbursts can result in landslides, especially in hilly areas, further exacerbating the damage.
Detection and Forecasting :
✅Challenges: Detecting cloudbursts is challenging due to their small scale. Satellite precipitation radars often miss them, and weather models struggle to simulate them accurately.
✅Forecasting: Predicting cloudbursts remains difficult, particularly in hilly regions where the interaction between moisture and terrain is complex.
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✅A cloudburst is a localised but intense rainfall activity.
✅Not all instances of very heavy rainfall, however, are cloudbursts. A cloudburst has a very specific definition: Rainfall of 10 cm or more in an hour over a roughly 10 km x 10-km area is classified as a cloudburst event. By this definition, 5 cm of rainfall in a half- hour period over the same area would also be categorized as a cloudburst.
Causes
✅ Orographic Lift: Cloudbursts frequently occur in mountainous regions where moist air is forced to rise over a mountain, cooling and condensing rapidly.
✅ Convective Clouds: They can also result from convective clouds, such as cumulonimbus clouds, which can extend up to 15 kilometers (9.3 miles) above the ground.
✅Sudden Condensation: When warm air mixes with cooler air, it can lead to rapid condensation and precipitation.
Effects
✅Flooding: The intense rainfall can lead to flash floods, causing significant damage to infrastructure and posing risks to life.
✅Disasters: Cloudbursts can result in landslides, especially in hilly areas, further exacerbating the damage.
Detection and Forecasting :
✅Challenges: Detecting cloudbursts is challenging due to their small scale. Satellite precipitation radars often miss them, and weather models struggle to simulate them accurately.
#geography
#Disaster_management
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🔆Possible Causes of Landslide in Wayanad:
Natural:
✅According to the Geological Survey of India (GSI), almost half of Kerala’s land area is prone to landslides.
✅The heavy rainfall in the region and the slope of the Western Ghats mean that 31.54% of the Wayanad district is highly susceptible to landslides.
Anthropogenic:
✅Increasing construction activities:
The Wayanad region has become a tourist hotspot, with homestays and monsoon tourism being the latest trends.
✅The construction of resorts, artificial lakes and quarrying activities in the eco-sensitive zones (ESZ) have exacerbated the danger of a landslide.
Changes in crop patterns:
✅Land use changes have occurred starting with the British-era tea plantations.
✅In Wayanad, there has been a 62% reduction in forest cover between 1950 and 2018, coupled with a 1,800% increase in the area under plantation.
✅Such monocropping leads to a loosening of the topsoil that was once held in place by the roots of a forest.
Climate change:
✅Climate change has played an indirect role, leading to changes in rainfall patterns in the State.
✅The warming of the Arabian Sea is allowing the formation of deep cloud systems, leading to extremely heavy rainfall over a shorter period. Heavy rainfalls cause run-offs that can lead to landslides.
✅Issues with landslide warnings:
The IMD issues warnings for heavy rainfall (in a colour-coded system) and the week before the landslides, the alert was largely yellow, which does not call for action.
✅The GSI has been designated the nodal agency for landslide studies, and has been given the responsibility of evolving an early warning system and protocols for landslide risk reduction.
✅However, this is still in the experimental stage and will take four or five more years to be ready for public use, a senior GSI official said.
Natural:
✅According to the Geological Survey of India (GSI), almost half of Kerala’s land area is prone to landslides.
✅The heavy rainfall in the region and the slope of the Western Ghats mean that 31.54% of the Wayanad district is highly susceptible to landslides.
Anthropogenic:
✅Increasing construction activities:
The Wayanad region has become a tourist hotspot, with homestays and monsoon tourism being the latest trends.
✅The construction of resorts, artificial lakes and quarrying activities in the eco-sensitive zones (ESZ) have exacerbated the danger of a landslide.
Changes in crop patterns:
✅Land use changes have occurred starting with the British-era tea plantations.
✅In Wayanad, there has been a 62% reduction in forest cover between 1950 and 2018, coupled with a 1,800% increase in the area under plantation.
✅Such monocropping leads to a loosening of the topsoil that was once held in place by the roots of a forest.
Climate change:
✅Climate change has played an indirect role, leading to changes in rainfall patterns in the State.
✅The warming of the Arabian Sea is allowing the formation of deep cloud systems, leading to extremely heavy rainfall over a shorter period. Heavy rainfalls cause run-offs that can lead to landslides.
✅Issues with landslide warnings:
The IMD issues warnings for heavy rainfall (in a colour-coded system) and the week before the landslides, the alert was largely yellow, which does not call for action.
✅The GSI has been designated the nodal agency for landslide studies, and has been given the responsibility of evolving an early warning system and protocols for landslide risk reduction.
✅However, this is still in the experimental stage and will take four or five more years to be ready for public use, a senior GSI official said.
#Goodmorning
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⏳ 45 days for CSM24 [ 20-09-24]
⏳110 days IFoS Mains 2024 ( 24 nov )
⏳292 days left CSP25 [ 25-05-25]
⏳381 days left CSM25 [ 22-08-25]
⏳ -56 days for 70th bpsc prelims (30 sept)
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Scholar Warriors
✅Scholar warrior is a military professional who combines intellectual acumen with combat prowess in today’s increasingly complex and dynamic security environment.
✅It is aimed at creating well-rounded military practitioners who possess academic knowledge and statecraft alongside their core war-fighting skills.
✅Significance: Trained in warfare strategies, latest technologies and strategic relations with other countries, scholar warriors are understood to be well-versed to decipher complex situations, think critically and act in anticipation of threats emerging from a situation, and formulate unique responses accordingly.
✅Their training, knowledge and strategic thinking also promotes adaptability in different operational scenarios.
#gs3
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✅Scholar warrior is a military professional who combines intellectual acumen with combat prowess in today’s increasingly complex and dynamic security environment.
✅It is aimed at creating well-rounded military practitioners who possess academic knowledge and statecraft alongside their core war-fighting skills.
✅Significance: Trained in warfare strategies, latest technologies and strategic relations with other countries, scholar warriors are understood to be well-versed to decipher complex situations, think critically and act in anticipation of threats emerging from a situation, and formulate unique responses accordingly.
✅Their training, knowledge and strategic thinking also promotes adaptability in different operational scenarios.
#gs3
#prelims
#security
#mains
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Nutritional security through Diversification: Presently, the production basket of agriculture is dominated by Rice and Wheat. However, there has been shift in consumption pattern towards more protein-based foods such as Pulses, Milk, Egg, Fish, Meat etc. leading to demand-supply mismatch and thus nutritional insecurity. The diversification towards cultivation of other crops and livestock rearing would address the micronutrient deficiencies, Vitamin, iron deficiencies etc.
Annual electricity demand has been growing by 7-9% since the COVID-19 pandemic, exacerbated by climate change-induced weather extremes, leading to power outages.
55% of the total health budget is spent through the National Health Mission.
Out-of-pocket expenditure in the health sector reduced from 62% to 47.1%.
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Out-of-pocket expenditure in the health sector reduced from 62% to 47.1%.
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Nearly 50% of women face domestic violence, and two out of three Dalit women face sexual violence in their lifetimes.
Despite intimate partner violence, India has one of the lowest divorce rates in the world at 1%.
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Despite intimate partner violence, India has one of the lowest divorce rates in the world at 1%.
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Chief Justice of India D Y Chandrachud expressed concerns over prolonged court proceedings commenting that the “process” becomes “the punishment”.
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