🔆Transnational organized crime (TOC).

✅Recently, the heads of the Financial Action Task Force (FATF), Interpol, and the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) have emphasised the urgent need to intensify efforts to target the massive illicit profits generated by transnational organized crime (TOC).

✅Additionally, the recent revelations from the Indian Cyber Crime Coordination Centre (I4C), a division under the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA), have shed light on the escalating threat of cybercrime targeting Indian citizens.

📍What is Transnational Organised Crime?

✅Organised crime is defined as illegal activities carried out by groups or networks working together, often involving violence, corruption, or related actions to gain financial or material benefits.

✅Transnational organised crime (TOC) occurs when activities or groups operate in multiple countries.

📍Different Forms:

✅Money Laundering: It disguises financial assets to use them without detection of the illegal activity that produced them. Criminals transform the proceeds of criminal activity into funds with a seemingly legal source.
🔰The estimated amount of money laundered globally exceeds 2% to 5% of the global Gross Domestic Product (GDP) or approximately USD 800 billion to USD 2 trillion in just one year.

✅Drug Trafficking: It continues to be the most lucrative form of business for criminals,
Global drug trafficking is estimated to be worth USD 650 billion, contributing 30% of the overall illicit economy.

✅Human Trafficking: A global crime where men, women, and children are used for sexual or labour-based exploitation.
Human traffickers  are in it for the money, with estimated annual global profits of USD 150 billion.
🔰They victimise an estimated 25 million people worldwide, with 80% in forced labour and 20% in sex trafficking.

✅Smuggling of Migrants: A well-organised business moving people around the globe through criminal networks, groups, and routes.
🔰In 2009, USD 6.6 billion was generated through the illegal Smuggling  of 3 million migrants from Latin America to North America.

✅Illicit Firearms Trafficking: Arms trafficking or gunrunning is the illicit trade of contraband small arms, explosives, and ammunition, which constitutes part of a broad range of illegal activities often associated with transnational criminal organisations.
🔰Brings in around USD 170 million to USD 320 million annually.

🔆ROLE OF SOCIAL CAPITAL ORGANISATIONS

✅ Social capital helps groups work together effectively to achieve common goals. It's based on trust, shared identity, norms, values, and mutual relationships.

✅Functional contribution of civil society to society:
🔸Educator;
🔸Agitator;
🔸Service Provider;
🔸 Watchdog;
🔸Advocate.

✅Classification of social capital organizations in India : According to the 2nd ARC Classification of Civil Society based on Law and Activities: Registered Societies are formed for specific purposes:
✅Charitable organizations and Trusts;
✅Cooperatives;
✅Bodies without formal structure;
✅Government-promoted Third Sector organizations;
✅ Local Stakeholders Groups, Microcredit and Thrift Enterprises, and SHGs;
✅ Student Government promoted Third Sector organizations;
✅Professional Self-Regulatory Bodies.

National Policy on the Voluntary Sector 2007:

✅Independence of voluntary organizations; Importance of independence for social capital organizations; Explore alternative paradigms of development; Challenge social, economic, and political forces; Find new ways to combat poverty; National Policy on Voluntary Sector (NPVS) of 2007; Autonomy and accountability of voluntary organizations; Definition of voluntary organizations.
✅ Covered under the Policy, Voluntary Organizations should broadly have the following characteristics: Non-
profit organizations are private; Self-governing; Registered or informal groups that do not return profits to their
owners or directors.

✅Objectives of the policy:
🔸Creating an enabling climate for voluntary organizations;
🔸Safeguarding the identity and autonomy of voluntary organizations;
🔸Mobilizing financial capital for voluntary organizations;
🔸Promoting collaboration between the government and the voluntary sector;
🔸Encouraging good governance in voluntary organizations.

#governance
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🔆JIMEX Exercise-24

✅Recently, JIMEX exercise–24 commenced at Yokosuka in Japan.
✅This is the eighth edition of JIMEX, since its inception in 2012.
✅The exercise includes both harbour and sea phases.
✅The harbour phase will comprise professional, sports and social interactions.
✅During the exercise, navies of both the countries will jointly hone their war fighting skills at sea and enhance their interoperability.
✅Indian Navy’s indigenous Stealth Frigate INS Shivalik is participating in the bilateral maritime exercise. Japan is being represented by the Guided Missile Destroyer JS Yugiri.
✅It provides an opportunity to learn from each other’s best practices and facilitates operational interactions between India and Japan.
✅The exercise also reaffirms their shared commitment towards maritime security in the Indo-Pacific region.

📍Other Exercises between India and Japan:
✅Malabar: India and Japan with the United States and Australia participate in the naval war gaming exercise named Malabar.
✅SHINYUU Maitri (Air Force)
Dharma Guardian (Military Exercise)


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🔆Understanding of society as per certain thinkers

✅Karl Marx: Marx viewed society as a collection of classes in conflict, with the ruling class exploiting the working class to maintain power and wealth. He believed that the struggle between these classes would eventually lead to a revolution and the establishment of a classless society.

✅Emile Durkheim:  Durkheim viewed society as a collection of individuals who share common beliefs and values, and whose behavior is regulated by social norms and institutions. He believed that social cohesion was essential for the stability of society, and that social order was maintained through the collective consciousness of its members.

✅Max Weber: Weber viewed society as a complex system of social structures, institutions, and power relations. He believed that the modern world was characterized by increasing rationalization and bureaucratization, and that social inequality was maintained through the exercise of power by those in positions of authority.

✅Jean-Jacques Rousseau: Rousseau believed that society corrupted individuals and that true freedom could only be found in a state of nature. He believed that social inequality was created by the development of private property and that society could only be reformed by returning to a more primitive state. 

✅John Stuart Mill: Mill viewed society as a collection of individuals who should be free to pursue their own interests and happiness, as long as they did not harm others. He believed that society should be organized to maximize individual liberty and happiness, while also recognizing the need for social institutions to promote the common good.

#society

🔆FAMILY AND KINSHIP

FAMILY :

✅The structure of the family can be studied both as a social institution in itself and also in its relationship to other social institutions of society.
✅ In itself a family can be defined as nuclear or extended. It can be male-headed or female- headed. The line of descent can be matrilineal or patrilineal.
✅ This internal structure of the family is usually related to other structures of society, namely
political, economic, cultural etc.
✅ The kind of changes that take place that not only have family structures changed, but cultural ideas, norms and values also change. These changes are however not so easy to bring about.

NUCLEAR AND EXTENDED FAMILY

✅ A nuclear family consists of only one set of parents and their children.
✅ An extended family (commonly known as the ‘joint family’) can take different forms, but has more than one couple, and often more than two generations, living together.
✅The extended family often is seen as symptomatic of India. Yet this is by no means the dominant form now or earlier. It was confined to certain sections and certain regions of the community.

THE DIVERSE FORMS OF THE FAMILY :

With regard to the rule of residence, some societies are matrilocal in their marriage
and family customs while others are patrilocal.

🔸Matrilocal family :

✅ The newly married couple stays with the woman’s parents,
✅ With regard to the rules of inheritance, property passes from mother to daughter
✅ Matriarchy where the women play a similarly dominant role.
✅However, matriarchy – unlike patriarchy – has been a theoretical rather than an empirical concept. There is no historical or anthropological evidence of matriarchy – i.e., societies where women exercise dominance.
✅However, there do exist matrilineal societies, i.e., societies where women inherit property from their mothers but do not exercise control over it, nor are they the decision makers in public affairs. Ex khasi matrilineal

🔸Patrilocal family :

✅ The couple lives with the man’s parents.
✅ With regard to the rules of inheritance, property passes from father to son
✅A patriarchal family structure exists where the men exercise authority and dominance.

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Cancellation of UGC-NET June 2024 Examination

HCS 2023 final result

https://hpsc.onlineapplications.co.in/

HCS Mains Marksheet is out.