💰The funds that almost nobody can invest in.📌

Norway does not have ATMs that give out gold.

It is not famous for selling homes on man-made islands.

It does not come to mind when we think of Rolls-Royce, sky-scrappers, or lavish people.

All of those are associated with Middle Eastern countries – because they have oil.
A less-known fact: Norway has lots of oil too.

Anywhere between 40 and 70% of their exports are oil and gas. But this was not always the case.

Towards the end of the 1950s, Norway was like any other European country.
They were not poor. But they did not produce oil.
And then, they found oil and gas – lots of it.

By the 1970s, they were commercially extracting oil and gas. They began exporting it.
And with that, the money started flowing in.

The Norwegian government had structured their oil and gas exploration in a specific manner.

Licenses were given to private companies to explore and dig.

It was all done in a manner in which the government of Norway would earn profits.

This allowed the Norwegian government to get a new source of income.

Lots of income.
This was a problem.
Yes – a good problem.

They knew that oil and gas would not last forever. Some day, it would finish. They would not be able to earn money from oil forever.

Norwegians did not want to blow away all their money in the present.
They wanted to save it so that future generations of Norwegians would benefit from it.

They set up a fund.
This fund would invest the money – just like a mutual fund.

Thus, in 1990, the government set up the Government Pension Fund. In 1996, money was first deposited into the fund.

Investment💵💴💶💷

Norway’s oil earnings are invested by the Government Pension Fund.
They invest in stocks, bonds, and real estate.

Just like a mutual fund, it has a team that decides where the money will be invested. There is a team that audits the fund.

There is a team that researches new investments, and which holdings to sell off.

And there is a person who heads this – like a fund manager.

But there is one giant difference between a mutual fund and the Government Pension Fund.

Anyone can invest in a mutual fund.
The Government Pension Fund has only one investor – the Government of Norway.

This fund is immensely successful.
Today, it manages assets worth about $1.5 trillion – or $1,500 billion.

This makes the Government Pension Fund the biggest fund of its kind in the world.

To give you some context, India’s biggest mutual fund company (SBI Mutual Fund) manages assets worth $86 billion only.

About 70% of the Government Pension Fund’s money is invested in shares of over 8,500 companies across 70+ countries.

About $22 billion of this fund’s money is invested in India.

Of the $1.5 trillion assets, only about half have come from direct contributions from oil profits.

The rest is the return from investing. The fund is performing well.
Last year, the fund made a gain of $213 billion.

Sovereign Wealth Funds💸

These extra-large mutual funds that serve governments are called Sovereign Wealth Funds (SWFs).

They usually have only one customer – their government.
Norway’s sovereign wealth fund is just one such fund. It is indeed the world’s biggest SWF.

But there are many others like it.
Abu Dhabi Investment Authority is the biggest SWF in the Middle East with holdings of over $800 billion.

China Investment Corporation reportedly has assets over $1.3 trillion.

Kuwait Investment Authority has assets over $900 billion.

Government Investment Corporation (GIC, Singapore) has assets over $700 billion.

There are SWFs based in Saudi Arabia, Hong Kong, Oman, Alaska (USA), Dubai, Turkey, South Korea, and many more.

Norway’s SWF is famous for being incredibly transparent. All details about its holdings are publicly available.

Read more...

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❇️ CA Foundation Accounts December 2023 Exam Question Paper

Will Keep Updating Dec'23 Exams All Subject Question Papers in @canotes_foundation as per Exam Schedules

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All Paper at one place 👇
http://tinyurl.com/CA-Found-QP-Dec-2023-Exam

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❇️ CA Foundation Accounts RTP for June 2024 Exam :

By ICAI

Download All RTPs from here
https://tinyurl.com/CA-Found-RTP-June-2024

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🔹CA Foundation Accounts MTP 1 - June 2024 :

📍Question Papers

🕹Download All MTPs at Once Place
https://tinyurl.com/CA-Found-MTP-1-June-2024

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🔹CA Foundation Accounts MTP 1 - June 2024 :

📍Suggested Answers

🕹Download All MTPs at Once Place
https://tinyurl.com/CA-Found-MTP-1-June-2024

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🎁 CA Foundation Mock Test Papers (MTPs) Series- I for June 2024  :

💡Question Papers & Suggested Answers for June 2024 Exams :

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📍 Paper - 1: Accounting

💙Question Paper
https://www.tg-me.com/canotes_foundation/28838

🖤Suggested Answers
https://www.tg-me.com/canotes_foundation/28832

📍 Paper - 2: Business Law

💙Question Paper
https://www.tg-me.com/canotes_foundation/28839

🖤Suggested Answers
https://www.tg-me.com/canotes_foundation/28833

📍 Paper - 3: Maths, LR & Stats

💙Question Paper
https://www.tg-me.com/canotes_foundation/28834

🖤Suggested Answers
https://www.tg-me.com/canotes_foundation/28835

📍 Paper-4: Business Eco

💙Question Paper
https://www.tg-me.com/canotes_foundation/28836

🖤Suggested Answers
https://www.tg-me.com/canotes_foundation/28837

🕹Download All MTPs at Once Place
https://tinyurl.com/CA-Found-MTP-1-June-2024

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Happy Learning and Keep Sharing

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❇️ CA Foundation Business Law RTP for June 2024 Exam :

By ICAI

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https://tinyurl.com/CA-Found-RTP-June-2024

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📖Paper Presentation Tips for CA Exams:

🤗Presentation Tip No 1- Margin on right side

🪔Draw margin on both side of answer sheet for proper alignment.
 
🪔 Left side margin should be used for S no of QP and sub parts of a Q.

🪔Right side margin should be used for rough work or other wise can be left blank.

🪔Width of right side margin should not be too much.

🪔This helps in proper alignment and if in case answer sheet is torn from end, it won't affect your answer.

😎Presentation Tip No 2- Attempt all sub parts together

🕯 Q1a then 2c then 4c is something which you should avoid.

🕯If you dont know any sub part then leave space for that part and move to next Qs making sure that all parts of a Q are in sequence.

🕯This helps examiner in evaluation and creates good impression.

😇Presentation Tip No 3 Highlight Key words

💡 Especially in theory answers highlight  key pointer

💡Highlight using same pen and scale or pencil is not required to highlight

💡 Highlighting makes it easier for examiner to evaluate and award marks

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❇️ CA Foundation Business Mathematics, Logicial Reasoning and Statistics Topic wise Quick Revision Notes:

🕹Topics:

📍Business Maths📍
✍Chapter 1: Ratio and Proportion, Indices, Logarithms
✍Chapter 4: Time Value of Money

📍Logicial Reasoning 📍
🤙Chapter 9: Number Series, Coding and Decoding and Odd Man Out
🤙Chapter 10: Direction Tests
🤙Chapter 11: Seating Arrangements
🤙Chapter 12: Blood Relation

📍Statistics 📍
👉Chapter 14: Measures of Central Tendency and Dispersion
Unit I: Measures of Central Tendency
Unit II: Dispersion
👉Chapter 15 : Probability
👉Chapter 16: Theoretical Distributions
👉Chapter 17: Correlation And Regression
👉Chapter 18: Index Numbers

Click below link to Download 👇
https://castudynotes.com/2023/06/20/ca-foundation-business-mathematics-logicial-reasoning-and-statistics-quick-revision-notes/

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❇️ CA Foundation Maths, LR & Stats June'23 Exam Question Paper

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Word of the day

Arbitrage

Arbitrage is the process of buying an asset in one market and selling it in another market for a higher price.

Example: A person sees cotton getting sold in Mumbai at Rs 2000.

Then, he sees cotton is selling in Lucknow at Rs 2500.

He decides to buy cotton from Mumbai and sell it in Lucknow to earn profit.

Similar situations can occur with other assets and different markets.

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