Conclusion of form4 biology chapter3:
1) Plasma membrane
πlabel phospholipid bilayer
πlabel cholesterol & function
πlabel channel protein & carrier protein
πdefinition of selectively permeable membrane
2) Movement of Substances Across a Plasma Membrane
πWater must be osmosis
πions/glucose/amino acid is facilitated diffusion (do not require energy because it is passive transport)
πoxygen and carbon dioxide both are simple diffusion
πlipid/ADEK direct diffuse through the phospholipid bilayer
π active VS passive transport βββ
πexplain the sodium-potassium pump
πhow inhabitor affects active transport βββ
3) hypotonic hypertonic isotonic
πhypo is water come in because the O mean that H2O diffuse in
πhyper is water diffuse out
πiso is no net movement of water across plasma membrane
βred blood cell "more water - haemolysis" "less water - crenation"
βplant cell "more water - big vacuole" "less water - plasmolysis" "back to the ori state - deplasmolysis"
βpotato strip "more water - epidermis small, surface become inward" "less water - epidermis big, surface become outward"
4) use the concept
πisotonic drink: recover electrolytesβββ
πliposomes: prevent medicine destroyed by gastric juices / to deliver medicine to target cellsβββ
πreverse osmosis: selectively permeable membrane only allow water to pass through and prevent salt from passing through
credit: @spmchemistryA
1) Plasma membrane
πlabel phospholipid bilayer
πlabel cholesterol & function
πlabel channel protein & carrier protein
πdefinition of selectively permeable membrane
2) Movement of Substances Across a Plasma Membrane
πWater must be osmosis
πions/glucose/amino acid is facilitated diffusion (do not require energy because it is passive transport)
πoxygen and carbon dioxide both are simple diffusion
πlipid/ADEK direct diffuse through the phospholipid bilayer
π active VS passive transport βββ
πexplain the sodium-potassium pump
πhow inhabitor affects active transport βββ
3) hypotonic hypertonic isotonic
πhypo is water come in because the O mean that H2O diffuse in
πhyper is water diffuse out
πiso is no net movement of water across plasma membrane
βred blood cell "more water - haemolysis" "less water - crenation"
βplant cell "more water - big vacuole" "less water - plasmolysis" "back to the ori state - deplasmolysis"
βpotato strip "more water - epidermis small, surface become inward" "less water - epidermis big, surface become outward"
4) use the concept
πisotonic drink: recover electrolytesβββ
πliposomes: prevent medicine destroyed by gastric juices / to deliver medicine to target cellsβββ
πreverse osmosis: selectively permeable membrane only allow water to pass through and prevent salt from passing through
credit: @spmchemistryA
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Chapter 5 : Metabolism & Enzymes
5.1 ) Metabolism
A. Catabolism
β> breaking down complex substance into simpler substance
β> releases energy
β> eg. breaking down of glucose during cellular respiration to generate energy
2. Anabolism
β> synthesising complex molecules from simple molecules.
β> uses/ absorbs energy
β> eg. formation of glucose during photosynthesis
5.2 ) Enzymes
1. Characteristics
( a ) acts rapidly
( b ) small quantity and reusable
( c ) structure unchanged and undestroyed
( d ) specific
( e ) most reaction catalysts by enzymes are reversible
( f ) need inhibitors ( lead, mercury ) to slow down/ stop the enzyme activity
( e ) need cofactors ( vit. B, mg. ion ) to work effectively
2. Intracellular and Extracellular Enzymes
A. Intracellular Enzymes
- synthesized in a cell for it's own use
- hexokinase enzyme that is used in glycolysis process during cellular respiration
B. Extracellular Enzymes
- secreted outside of the cell
- trypsin enzymes produced from pancreatic cell is secreted into duodenum to break down polypeptides
3. Factors Affecting Mechanism of Enzyme Action
( a ) temperature
( b ) pH value
( c ) substrate
( d ) enzymes
5.3 ) Applications of Enzymes
( a ) digestive enzymes - medical sector
( b ) lactose enzymes - lactase-free milk
( c ) β’ pectinase - juice
β’ cellulase production
( d ) protease enzymes - separate skin fish
( e ) β’ amylase - bio
β’ lipase detergent
( f ) trypsin - extracts fur, leather products
-mai
5.1 ) Metabolism
A. Catabolism
β> breaking down complex substance into simpler substance
β> releases energy
β> eg. breaking down of glucose during cellular respiration to generate energy
2. Anabolism
β> synthesising complex molecules from simple molecules.
β> uses/ absorbs energy
β> eg. formation of glucose during photosynthesis
5.2 ) Enzymes
1. Characteristics
( a ) acts rapidly
( b ) small quantity and reusable
( c ) structure unchanged and undestroyed
( d ) specific
( e ) most reaction catalysts by enzymes are reversible
( f ) need inhibitors ( lead, mercury ) to slow down/ stop the enzyme activity
( e ) need cofactors ( vit. B, mg. ion ) to work effectively
2. Intracellular and Extracellular Enzymes
A. Intracellular Enzymes
- synthesized in a cell for it's own use
- hexokinase enzyme that is used in glycolysis process during cellular respiration
B. Extracellular Enzymes
- secreted outside of the cell
- trypsin enzymes produced from pancreatic cell is secreted into duodenum to break down polypeptides
3. Factors Affecting Mechanism of Enzyme Action
( a ) temperature
( b ) pH value
( c ) substrate
( d ) enzymes
5.3 ) Applications of Enzymes
( a ) digestive enzymes - medical sector
( b ) lactose enzymes - lactase-free milk
( c ) β’ pectinase - juice
β’ cellulase production
( d ) protease enzymes - separate skin fish
( e ) β’ amylase - bio
β’ lipase detergent
( f ) trypsin - extracts fur, leather products
-mai
Enzyme activity can be slowed down or stopped by enzyme inhibitors. Which of the following is an enzyme inhibitor?
Anonymous Poll
15%
ion magnesium
5%
zinc
10%
vitamin B
70%
mercury