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🔖Gonadal drainage
🔹Venous drainage:
Left ovary/testis ➡️ left gonadal vein ➡️ left renal vein ➡️ IVC
Right over/testis ➡️ right gonadal vein ➡️ IVC
Left gonadal vein takes the Longest way.
Because the left spermatic vein enters the left renal vein at a 90 degree angle, flow is less laminar on the left than on right
➡️ left venous pressure > right venous pressure
➡️ varicocele more common on the left.
Source: #FirstAid #2017
@anatomyvideoss
🔹Venous drainage:
Left ovary/testis ➡️ left gonadal vein ➡️ left renal vein ➡️ IVC
Right over/testis ➡️ right gonadal vein ➡️ IVC
Left gonadal vein takes the Longest way.
Because the left spermatic vein enters the left renal vein at a 90 degree angle, flow is less laminar on the left than on right
➡️ left venous pressure > right venous pressure
➡️ varicocele more common on the left.
Source: #FirstAid #2017
@anatomyvideoss
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Foramina: Cranial Fossae📝 question #1
A 24-year-old man is brought to the emergency department 40 minutes after he was involved in a motor vehicle collision. He was the unrestrained driver. He is conscious. Physical examination shows numerous lacerations and ecchymoses over the face. His vision is normal. Ocular, facial, and lingual movements are intact. The gag reflex is present. Sensation to pinprick is absent over the right side of the face anterior to the right ear, extending down along the full extent of the mandible to the chin. Sensation also is absent over the right side of the tongue. X-rays of the skull show fractures of the orbit, zygomatic arch, and infratemporal fossa. The most likely cause of these findings is a fracture affecting which of the following locations?
A) Foramen lacerum
B) Foramen ovale
C) Foramen rotundum
D) Foramen spinosum
E) Jugular foramen
#anatomy #cranium #foramina
@anatomyvideoss
A 24-year-old man is brought to the emergency department 40 minutes after he was involved in a motor vehicle collision. He was the unrestrained driver. He is conscious. Physical examination shows numerous lacerations and ecchymoses over the face. His vision is normal. Ocular, facial, and lingual movements are intact. The gag reflex is present. Sensation to pinprick is absent over the right side of the face anterior to the right ear, extending down along the full extent of the mandible to the chin. Sensation also is absent over the right side of the tongue. X-rays of the skull show fractures of the orbit, zygomatic arch, and infratemporal fossa. The most likely cause of these findings is a fracture affecting which of the following locations?
A) Foramen lacerum
B) Foramen ovale
C) Foramen rotundum
D) Foramen spinosum
E) Jugular foramen
#anatomy #cranium #foramina
@anatomyvideoss
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Today's bonus: Clinical Correlate 🏥💉
Jugular foramen syndrome may be caused by a tumor pressing on CN IX, X, and XI. Patients present with hoarseness, dysphagia (CN IX and X), loss of sensation over the oropharynx and posterior third of the tongue (CN IX), and trapezius and sternocleidomastoid weakness (CN XI). The nearby CN XII may be involved, producing tongue deviation to the lesioned side.
#jugular #foramen #nerves
Jugular foramen syndrome may be caused by a tumor pressing on CN IX, X, and XI. Patients present with hoarseness, dysphagia (CN IX and X), loss of sensation over the oropharynx and posterior third of the tongue (CN IX), and trapezius and sternocleidomastoid weakness (CN XI). The nearby CN XII may be involved, producing tongue deviation to the lesioned side.
#jugular #foramen #nerves
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Medial Medullary Syndrome 📝 (A on the picture below)
🔸Due to occlusion of the Anterior Spinal Artery
Brain-stem lesion:
🔹Pyramid: contralateral spastic paresis
🔹Medial lemniscus: contralateral loss of tactile, vibration, conscious proprioception
🔹XII nucleus/fibers: ipsilateral flaccid paralysis of tongue with tongue deviation on protrusion to lesion side.
Figure III-5-17.
Source: Anatomy. Kaplan 2017.
#medulla #lesions #anatomy
🔸Due to occlusion of the Anterior Spinal Artery
Brain-stem lesion:
🔹Pyramid: contralateral spastic paresis
🔹Medial lemniscus: contralateral loss of tactile, vibration, conscious proprioception
🔹XII nucleus/fibers: ipsilateral flaccid paralysis of tongue with tongue deviation on protrusion to lesion side.
Figure III-5-17.
Source: Anatomy. Kaplan 2017.
#medulla #lesions #anatomy
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Practice question #2
A child is in the nursery one day after birth. A nurse notices a urine-like discharge being expressed through the umbilical stump. What two structures in the embryo are connected by the structure that failed to obliterate during the embryologic development of this child?
A) Pulmonary artery - aorta
B) Bladder - yolk sac
C) Bladder - small bowel
D) Liver - umbilical vein
E) Kidney - large bowel
#embryology
@anatomyvideoss
A child is in the nursery one day after birth. A nurse notices a urine-like discharge being expressed through the umbilical stump. What two structures in the embryo are connected by the structure that failed to obliterate during the embryologic development of this child?
A) Pulmonary artery - aorta
B) Bladder - yolk sac
C) Bladder - small bowel
D) Liver - umbilical vein
E) Kidney - large bowel
#embryology
@anatomyvideoss
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Pharyngeal apparatus📝
🔹Pharyngeal apparatus consists of the following:
▫️Pharyngeal arches (1,2,3,4 and 6) composed of mesoderm and neural crest
▫️Pharyngeal pouches (1,2,3,4) lined with endoderm
▫️Pharyngeal grooves or clefts (1,2,3, and 4) lined with ectoderm
🔹Components of the Pharyngeal arch (mesoderm -> muscles):
▫️1st: four muscles of mastication (masseter, temporalis, lateral and medial pterygoid), digastric (anterior belly), mylohyoid, tensor tympani, tensor veli palatini
▫️2nd: muscles of facial expression, figastric (posterior belly), stylohyoid, stapedius
▫️3rd: stylopharyngeus muscle
▫️4th: cricothyroid muscle, soft palate, pharynx (5 muscles)
▫️5th: intrinsic muscles of larynx (except cricothyroid muscle)
🔹Components of the Pharyngeal arch (neural crest -> skeletal/cartilage) - will be covered later.
🔹Adult derivatives of Pharyngeal pouches
▫️1st: epithelial lining of auditory tube and middle ear cavity
▫️2nd: epithelial lining of crypts of palatine tonsil
▫️3rd: Inferior parathyroid gland, thymus
▫️4th: superior parathyroid gland, C-cells of thyroid
🔹Pharyngeal groove/cleft 1 gives to the epithelial lining of external auditory meatus. All other grooves are obliterated.
Source: Anatomy. Kaplan 2017
@anatomyvideoss
🔹Pharyngeal apparatus consists of the following:
▫️Pharyngeal arches (1,2,3,4 and 6) composed of mesoderm and neural crest
▫️Pharyngeal pouches (1,2,3,4) lined with endoderm
▫️Pharyngeal grooves or clefts (1,2,3, and 4) lined with ectoderm
🔹Components of the Pharyngeal arch (mesoderm -> muscles):
▫️1st: four muscles of mastication (masseter, temporalis, lateral and medial pterygoid), digastric (anterior belly), mylohyoid, tensor tympani, tensor veli palatini
▫️2nd: muscles of facial expression, figastric (posterior belly), stylohyoid, stapedius
▫️3rd: stylopharyngeus muscle
▫️4th: cricothyroid muscle, soft palate, pharynx (5 muscles)
▫️5th: intrinsic muscles of larynx (except cricothyroid muscle)
🔹Components of the Pharyngeal arch (neural crest -> skeletal/cartilage) - will be covered later.
🔹Adult derivatives of Pharyngeal pouches
▫️1st: epithelial lining of auditory tube and middle ear cavity
▫️2nd: epithelial lining of crypts of palatine tonsil
▫️3rd: Inferior parathyroid gland, thymus
▫️4th: superior parathyroid gland, C-cells of thyroid
🔹Pharyngeal groove/cleft 1 gives to the epithelial lining of external auditory meatus. All other grooves are obliterated.
Source: Anatomy. Kaplan 2017
@anatomyvideoss
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The structure indicated by arrow 1 in above Fig. is which of the following vessels?
Anonymous Quiz
17%
brachiocephalic artery
18%
left brachiocephalic vein
21%
left common carotid artery
24%
right brachiocephalic vein
19%
superior vena cava
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