🔶 REPORTED SPEECH 🔶

Present simple, present continuous and present perfect

♦️ When we backshift, present simple changes to past simple, present continuous changes to past continuous and present perfect changes to past perfect.

✨ I travel a lot in my job.
‘Jamila said that she travelled a lot in her job.’

✨ The baby is sleeping .
‘He told me the baby was sleeping.’

✨ I have hurt my leg.
‘She said she had hurt her leg.’


♦️ Pronouns, demonstratives and adverbs of time and place if they are no longer accurate, change in indirect speech.

🔹these changes to those,

🔸now changes to then,

🔹yesterday changes to the day before,

🔸tomorrow changes to the next/following day,

🔹ago changes to before.


✨ This is my house
➖He said this was his house. [You are currently in front of the house.]
➖He said that was his house. [You are not currently in front of the house.]

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Past perfect

♦️The past perfect doesn't change.

✨ I had tried everything without success, but this new medicine is great.
‘He said he had tried everything without success, but the new medicine was great.’



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Reading passage

The word alphabet is made up from the first two letters of the Greek alphabet – alpha and beta – and describes any group of symbols intended to represent the sounds used in speech. The letters of an alphabet can be assembled in thousands of different combinations to form words, and are therefore much more flexible than other symbols, such as pictograms or ideograms each of which can only stand for one particular object or idea. The origin of alphabets is obscure. Some scholars believe that the first true alphabets developed from Egyptian Hieroglyphics; others contend that the cuneiform scripts of the Sumerians, Babylonians and Assyrians hold the key.


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🔔 Idiom Of The Day 🔔


🔷Make a hit


♦️Meaning: be successful.


✨People loved my new brownies and wanted the recipe. I guess I made a hit.


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🔰COMPETENCE (NOUN)


🔸Meaning: capability

🔹Synonyms: ability, competency

♦️Antonyms: incompetence


✏️Example:
Courses were launched to improve the competence of staff.


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