مرجع essential و clinical
الخاص بال Haematology🤦🏽‍♂️♥️✨

للتواصل:
@m_ali_khider💜💉

مرجع Christine Dorresteyn Stevens Clinical Immunology and Serology_ A Laboratory Perspective, Third Edition (2009)

Learn  what are the most important Immunoglobulin G  (IgG) properties

1.It is a monomer with 2 binding sites

2.Accounts for 80% of Ig of serum antibodies in humans

3.Half-life 23 days

4.Has subclasses IgG1,2,3,and 4

5.Major immunoglobulin in extravascular spaces

6.Crosses placenta

7.Activate complement

8.Participate predominantly in the secondary immune response

9.Biological function: Phagocytes – opsonization for neutrophils activities

10.Reacts best at 37o C.

11.Reacts best in albumin or LISS

12.“Incomplete& Ab, sensitizes RBC in saline  but fails to agglutinate them 

13.Clinical significant: IgG  cause in vivo hemolysis (able to produce a transfusion  reaction or HDN)
Dr.Abdulrazzaq Alagbare

☘️ Prothrombin Time (PT); International Normalized Ratio (INR)
Prothrombin time
The PT is the amount of time it takes blood to clot when mixed
with a thromboplastin reagent. Normal values vary widely with
different thromboplastin reagents
Normal: 10–14 sec
Critical Levels: >30 sec

Haematopoiesis :

is the formation of blood cellular components. All cellular blood components are derived from haematopoietic stem cells. In a healthy adult person, approximately 10 ^ 11 –10 ^ 12 new blood cells are produced daily in order to maintain steady state levels in the peripheral circulation.
HSCs :
Haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) reside in the medulla of the bone (bone marrow) and have the unique ability to give rise to all of the different mature blood cell types and tissues. HSCs are self-renewing cells: when they proliferate, at least some of their daughter cells remain as HSCs, so the pool of stem cells does not become depleted.This phenomenon is called asymmetric division. The other daughters of HSCs (myeloid and lymphoid progenitor cells), however can commit to any of the alternative differentiation pathways that lead to the production of one or more specific types of blood cells, but cannot self-renew.
All blood cells are divided into three lineages :
1- Erythroid cells are the oxygen carrying red blood cells. Both reticulocytes and erythrocytes are functional and are released into the blood. In fact, a reticulocyte count estimates the rate of erythropoiesis.
2- Lymphocytes are the cornerstone of the adaptive immune system. They are derived from common lymphoid progenitors. The lymphoid lineage is primarily composed of T-cells and B-cells (types of white blood cells). This is lymphopoiesis.
3- Myelocytes,which include granulocytes,megakaryocytes and macrophages and are derived from common myeloid progenitors, are involved in such diverse roles as innate immunity,adaptive immunity,and blood clotting. This is myelopoiesis.
*Granulopoiesis (or granulocytopoiesis) is haematopoiesis of granulocytes.
*Megakaryocytopoiesis is haematopoiesis of megakaryocytes.

#ملخص: -

🌍عملية تصنيع الدم:
عملية تصنيع لكل خلايا الدم ، تبدأ من خلية اولية اسمها haematopoietic stem cell والي عندها قدرة التكاثر ذاتيا والانقسام عشان تدينا باقي الخلايا الي هم:
سلسلة خلايا الدم الحمراء والبيضاء وصفيحات الدم والخلايا الليمفاوية …

🌍 وين بتم تصنيع الدم 💡
هو نخاع العظم Bone marrow

🌍مكان تصنيع الخلايا في الجنين من شهر لي شهرين بكون الانتاج في yolk sac … ومن شهرين الي سبعة شهور بكون في ال liver و spleen … ومن خمسة شهور الي تسعة شهور بكون في bone marrow …لغاية الولادة بكون في ال bones …

🌍 في ال Adult بختصر الانتاج في نهايات العظام الطويلة زي ال vertebrate, ribs, skull, sacrum and pelvis ,proximal end of femur

#Hematology 🌹🌍
# Ahd fathallah 🔬

انشر رابط القناة 🌍… من يدري قد تكون صدقة جارية لك 💜🌹
@eslamy7yati

parasite pictures 👇👇
♥🌸